SPRINGS 27 



way to the underground water channels. Such practices are very 

 dangerous. Cases of typhoid fever have resulted from drinking 

 water from springs or wells which have become polluted by such 

 matter entering the sinks; and, even where specific pollution is 

 absent, undesirable slimes and rubbish often render the water 

 highly objectionable. Instead of discharging refuse or sewage 

 into sinks every care should be taken to protect them against its 

 access. 



Piping of Springs. Spring water should always be conveyed 

 by iron pipes, as lead, which was formerly much used, is more or 

 less readily dissolved by soft waters. Thousands of cases of lead 

 poisoning resulted from such use in Europe and America before 

 the cost of lead pipes became so high that they were largely 

 abandoned. 



Where the water flows continually there is little danger from 

 lead pipes, but if the flow is shut off when not in use, enough 

 water should be drawn off each time to remove entirely that which 

 has been standing in the pipes before taking any for domestic 

 purposes or for the use of stock. 



Another precaution to be taken in piping springs is to lay the 

 pipe well below the winter frost line in order that there may be 

 no interruption of supply nor breaks due to freezing. The depth 

 will vary greatly in different parts of the country, being as much 

 as 6 feet in some of our northern states, while a few inches would 

 be a sufficient depth in much of the South. 



UNIVERSITY OF'IOKONTO 



MENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 



nicipal and Strwr*tirl 



