EXAMINATION PAPERS. 233 



68. Give the meanings of apocarpous and syncarpous, and name 

 two allied genera which may be distinguished by the difference 

 these terms express. 



69. Where, in plants, are stomata most abundant ? What is their 

 chief function ? Describe chlorophyll and explain its physiological 

 importance. 



70. By what means is fertilization effected (1) in Phanerogams, 

 and (2) in Cryptogams ? 



71. How would you distinguish a root from a stem ? Enumerate 

 the most important varieties of roots, giving examples. 



72. Make a drawing of the leaf of the sugar maple (Acer Sacchari- 

 num) and of the beech (Fagusferruginea), and describe them with 

 special reference to form, parts, and venation. 



73. Fill the accompanying Floral Schedule with an exact descrip- 

 tion of the specimen before you. Classify, if you can. 



FIEST CLASS CERTIFICATES. 



1. What are the cotyledons ? Describe their functions, &c. State 

 their value in systematic botany. 



2. Describe the difference in structure and modes of growth of 

 exogenous and endogenous stems. 



3. Describe the circulation in plants. "In the act of making 

 vegetable matter, plants purify the air for animals." Explain this 

 fully. 



4. What are Phaenogamous plants ? Define Raceme, Corymb, 

 Head, Panicle, Ament. 



5. Give the characters of (a) the classes Exogens and Endogens; 

 (b) the Mint and Lily families. 



6. To wnat family do the Cedar, Clover, Mustard, and Dandelion 

 respectively belong"? 



7. Why does a botanist consider the tuber of the potato an under- 

 ground stem. 



8. Give the philosophical explanation of the nature of a flower 

 considered as to the origin and correspondence of its different parts. 



9. Draw a spathulate, an obcordate, a truncate, a palmately- 

 divided and an odd-pinnate leaf. 



10. Explain the constitution of a pome or apple-fruit. 



11. What organs appear in the more perfect plants, and in what 

 divisions are they comprised ? 



12. Give the function of the flower, its origin, and its essential 

 and accessory parts. 



13. Describe the nature and chief varieties of roots, and distinguish 

 between them and underground stems. 



