668 FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRUM. [CH. XLVIII. 



A pigeon treated in the same way remains perfectly motionless 

 and unconscious unless it is disturbed (see fig. 494). When 

 disturbed in any way it will move, for instance, when thrown into 

 the air it will fly ; but these movements are, as in the frog, purely 

 reflex in character. 



In mammals the operation of extirpation of the brain is attended 

 with such severe haemorrhage that the animal dies very rapidly, 

 but in some few cases where the animals have been kept alive, the 

 phenomena they exhibit are precisely similar to those shown by a 

 frog or pigeon. In the case of the dog portions of the cortex 

 have been removed piecemeal by Goltz of Strasburg, until at last 

 the whole of the cortex has been extirpated. Such animals carry 

 out co-ordinated movements of a complicated character very well, 



Fig. 494. Pigeon after removal of the hemispheres. (Dalton.) 



but they manifest no intelligence, and have complete lack of 

 memory. They are in a condition analogous to that of the frogs 

 and pigeons just mentioned. 



Localisation of Cerebral Functions. 



When the main function of the cerebrum was understood, 

 physiologists were divided into two schools ; those who thought 

 that the brain acted as a whole, and those who thought that 

 different parts of the brain had different functions to perform. 

 One of the most prominent of the first school was Flourens, and 

 Goltz, whose work has been done chiefly on dogs, is about the 

 only promineiit living survivor of this set of physiologists. 

 Gradually, as better methods have come in, and especially since 

 monkeys have been used for experiment, those who believe in the 

 localisation of function have multiplied ; and now, localisation of 



