28 THE JUKES. 



Of the children of Bell (see chart III. generation 3), the first 

 four were illegitimate, three of them mulattoes. The three boys 

 were, on the whole, more successful in life than the average of the 

 "Jukes." They all three acquired property, the youngest being the 

 father of one child who was successful in life, also accumulating 

 property. Of the oldest, a mulatto, a gentleman who knew all the 

 earlier members of the " Juke " stock, says : " He was the best of 

 his generation, being honest, sober, and in every way manly." On 

 the other hand, chart IV., which gives one branch of the posterity 

 of Effie, almost all of whom are legitimate, shows a widespread and 

 almost unbroken record of pauperism. 



From these considerations, and others, which are not stated in 

 the review of individual cases because they are only repetitions of 

 cases which are related elsewhere, it follows that illegitimacy is not 

 necessarily the cause of crime and pauperism. 



Tentative Inductions. i. Among the first-born children of lawful 

 marriages, the female sex preponderates. 



2. Among the first-born bastard children, the males prepon- 

 derate. 



3. It is not illegitimacy, per se, which is dangerous, but the en- 

 vironment of neglect which attends it that is mischievous. 



4. Illegitimates who are placed in favorable environment may 

 succeed in life better than legitimate children in the same environ- 

 ment. 



Disease and Pauperism. Running alongside of licentiousness, 

 and as inseparable from it as is illegitimacy, are the diseases which 

 are distinctive of it and which produce social phenomena which are 

 the direct subjects of the present investigation. In the wake of 

 disease follows pauperism, so in studying the one we must necessari- 

 ly discuss the other. But disease treats of physiological states, it is 

 a biological question ; therefore, the social questions included in 

 the consideration of pauperism rest, in large measure, upon the data 

 furnished by the study of vital force. 



Before taking up the statistics of disease, we give those of pau- 

 perism to show the general tendency of the family to pauperism, be- 

 fore we study the causes that produce that condition. 



Comparing, by sexes, the alms-house relief of the State at large 



