THE JUKES. 37 



her male children, we find the first boy, aged 64, gets out-door 

 relief at 30, the second at 22, the third at 24, the fifth at 24. If we 

 take the age of entering the poor-house, we get first child, 56 

 second, 47 ; third, 23 ; fourth, 42 ; the discrepancies are owing 

 partly to the records being imperfect and to the better character of 

 the wives. 



Line i, generation 5, chart IV., presents an exception to the 

 general rule, the man in this case being the eldest of the family. 

 The consideration of this is postponed till we enter on the relation 

 of pauperism to crime, for this seeming exception brings into relief 

 other relations which can be best appreciated when we have 

 discussed and examined further. 



Case 19. In chart IV., taking lines 8 to 13 inclusive, we find 

 in generation 5 six children in the poor-house ; going back to the 

 next generation, father in poor-house ; going back to generation 3, 

 again we find the poor-house. Such is the heredity. 



The environment of the fifth generation at the time they entered 

 the poor-house was that the father was serving a term in the county 

 jail for breach of peace ; the support of the family was gone, 

 with the result noted. The environment beyond this is not known. 



The administration of the poor laws in this county must be 

 taken into consideration in weighing the environment. For at 

 least three generations the giving of out-door relief has been used 

 by the poor-masters as a means of winning and retaining the votes 

 of that portion of the population who would avail themselves of it, 

 thus adding a powerful incentive to increase induced pauperism, 

 political aspirants thrusting public charity upon many who would 

 otherwise have been ashamed to ask for it. 



Tentative Inductions on Pauperism. In summing up this branch 

 of the inquiry the following preliminary inductions may be stated 

 as the laws of pauperism which are applicable to the case in hand, 

 and may upon a broader basis of facts prove to be general laws 

 applicable to pauperism in general : 



1. Pauperism is an indication of weakness of some kind, either 

 youth, disease, old age, injury ; or, for women, childbirth. 



2. It is divisible into hereditary and induced pauperism. 



