THE JUKES. 39 



In consideration of the last three propositions, which relate to 

 environment, and show how great an influence it has on determin- 

 ing the career, is added a further proposition, which is dogmatically 

 put forth, though not fully sustained by the facts enumerated in the 

 present study. 



15. Pauperism, which depends on social and educational disa- 

 bilities and not upon deep-seated constitutional disease, can and 

 must be prevented by sound and felicitous measures of administra- 

 tion that will conform to modes of dealing with it spontaneously 

 adopted by society and are therefore as generally acceptable as 

 they will prove efficacious. 



Intemperance. Certain considerations have made me hesitate to 

 accept the current opinions as to the part which ardent spirits play 

 in the carnival of crime. The temperance agitation has for many 

 years taken a partisan character and become an " element of poli- 

 tics," with this inevitable result, that the discussion of the subject 

 has been shifted from the domain of dispassionate observation into 

 that of sentimental agitation, the conclusions arrived at being of the 

 nature of hasty deductions from cherished opinions, and equally 

 hasty or equally erroneous inductions from irrelevant facts. 



It is remembered that the value of the present inquiry rests on 

 the method of viewing the course of generations chronologically and 

 of recording the facts of each life in the order of their occurrence. 

 In conformity with this some of the prominent points that need special 

 observation in the study of intemperance seem to be, when was 

 drinking first begun ; when was habitual intemperance fixed ; what 

 were the sexual habits at various periods, especially in youth ; 

 whether any deep-seated disease has preceded or followed the 

 intemperate habits, what kind, and whether causing it or not; 

 whether excessive study or labor has exhausted the vitality ; whether 

 there is a hereditary predisposition ; whether the trade or occupation 

 is detrimental to health ; whether the locality of the habitation pro- 

 duces disease, and what kind ; what is the temperament of the man? 

 All these questions must be answered by ascertained facts before 

 we can give an intelligent answer to the question, " Is intemperance 

 the cause of crime and pauperism ? " or only a secondary cause that 



