THE JUKES. 59 



the end of life. We must not lose sight of a very important ele- 

 ment in this connection. Although we have very little positive 

 knowledge of the death-rate among criminals, we do know that 

 fatal diseas ;s are much more prevalent among them than with the 

 average of men, and the great number of orphans in their ranks 

 indicate how large a proportion of them are probably short lived 

 by inheritance. But this inherited brevity of life and this diseased 

 condition, we have already found, are merely the physiological aspect 

 of what we call pauperism in its social aspect, and premature death is 

 merely its terminal point. We may say, therefore, for convenience, 

 that the ratio of decrease in crime at successive periods is affected by 

 death, pauperism and reform, the degree of importance which they 

 respectively play being in the order stated. 



Intermittent industry. After disease, the most uniformly notice- 

 able trait of the true criminal is that he lacks the element of con- 

 tinuity of effort. Steady, plodding work, which is the characteristic 

 not only of honest and successful individuals, but also of all nations 

 that have made a mark in history, is deficient in him, and needs to 

 be organized as a constituent of his character. 



Max was " a hunter and a fisher," and in his industrial habits 

 he is not only the type of his descendants but the organizer of their 

 unfavorable condition. The great mass of them are of the grade of 

 laborers,, engaged in what maybe called intermittent industries. Of 

 the whole number of men, not 20 are skilled workmen, and of these, 

 10 have learned their trades in State prison. The industries which 

 most of the " Jukes ' pursued leave from three to four months of 

 idle time during the winter season. Idleness results, and they rely 

 on town help to pull through or take to tramping. This fluctua- 

 ting state is full of dangers, and tends to perpetuate their social 

 condition, which leads to the question of industrial training. 



Industrial training. We have seen that disease produces a dead- 

 ening effect upon the moral sense, that intemperance results largely 

 from some form of waning vitality, actual or potential ; that pauper- 

 ism is due to the same process, and that the career of the criminal 

 frequently begins and ends in the poor-house, the middle of life, 

 when the vitality is strongest, being devoted to depredations. Behind 



