WHAT DO ANIMALS KNOW? 



intelligence, developing in man the highest form of 

 all, reasoned intelligence. When an animal solves a 

 new problem or meets a new condition as effectually 

 as the tree or the body does in the cases I have just 

 cited, we are wont to ascribe to it powers of reason. 

 Reason we may call it, but it is reason not its own. 



This universal or cosmic intelligence makes up 

 by far the greater part of what animals know. The 

 domestic animals, such as the dog, that have long 

 been under the tutelage of man, of course show more 

 independent power of thought than the uneducated 

 beasts of the fields and woods. 



The plant is wise in all ways to reproduce and 

 perpetuate itself; see the many ingenious devices 

 for scattering seed. In the animal world this intelli 

 gence is most keen and active in the same direction. 

 The wit of the animal comes out most clearly in 

 looking out for its food and safety. We are often 

 ready to ascribe reason to it in feats shown in these 

 directions. 



In man alone does this universal intelligence or 

 mind-stuff reach out beyond these primary needs and 

 become aware of itself. What the plant or the animal 

 does without thought or rule, man takes thought 

 about. He considers his ways. I noticed that the 

 scallops in the shallow water on the beach had the 

 power to anchor themselves to stones or to some 

 other object, by putting out a little tough but elastic 

 cable from near the hinge, and that they did so when 

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