DO ANIMALS THINK AND REFLECT? 



Lloyd Morgan relates at some length the experi 

 ments he tried with his fox terrier, Tony, seeking to 

 teach him how to bring a stick through a fence with 

 vertical palings. The spaces would allow the dog 

 to pass through, but the palings caught the ends of 

 the stick which the dog carried in his mouth. When 

 his master encouraged him, he pushed and strug 

 gled vigorously. Not succeeding, he went back, 

 lay down, and began gnawing the stick. Then he 

 tried again, and stuck as before, but by a chance 

 movement of his head to one side finally got the 

 stick through. His master patted him approvingly 

 and sent him for the stick again. Again he seized 

 it by the middle, and of course brought up against 

 the palings. After some struggles he dropped it 

 and came through without it. Then, encouraged 

 by his master, he put his head through, seized the 

 stick, and tried to pull it through, dancing up and 

 down in his endeavors. Time after time and day 

 after day the experiment was repeated with prac 

 tically the same results. The dog never mastered 

 the problem. He could not see the relation of that 

 stick to the opening in the fence. At one time he 

 worked and tugged three minutes trying to pull the 

 stick through. Of course, if h,e had had any mental 

 conception of the problem or had thought about it 

 at all, a single trial would have convinced him as 

 well as would a dozen trials. Mr. Morgan tried the 

 experiment with other dogs with like result. When 

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