Liberal Thought in America 137 



Pennsylvania, with Delaware. In New Nether- 

 land the Dutch simply maintained their tradi 

 tional secularized policy. On the hospitable island 

 of Manhattan all the varieties of European reli 

 gion met on terms of equality, Lutherans and 

 Catholics, Quakers 1 and Puritans, Moravians and 

 Jews. After the English conquest this liberal pol 

 icy was continued by the bigoted Duke of York, 

 for reasons similar to those which made toleration 

 a necessity in the province of the liberal and saga 

 cious Calverts. The Catholic proprietors of Mary 

 land wished to make their province a desirable 

 home for Catholics who were inclined to leave 

 England, and the only possible way of accomplish 

 ing this, without interference from the British 

 government, was to pursue a policy broad enough 

 to include Catholics along with all other kinds of 

 Christians in its benefits. A similar necessity con 

 fronted Charles II. and James II. In order to 

 secure as much protection as possible for Catholics 

 without interference from Parliament, it was neces 

 sary to pursue a policy broad enough to include 

 Quakers along with Catholics. For such reasons 

 James refrained from disturbing the liberal Dutch 



1 Stuyvesant s brief persecution of Quakers, for which he was 

 sternly rebuked by the home government, constitutes an excep 

 tion to the rule. See my Dutch and Quaker Colonies, i. 232-237. 



