62 



BRAZIL. 



templation, will not only remove old evils, but 

 afford a free scope to labor, encouraging useful 

 industry, and offering to settlers the incentive 

 of being enabled to benefit tbeir future con- 

 dition by terms of equality. The subject of 

 Chinese immigration has been mooted, with 

 the assurance that experiments in that direc- 

 tion might prove eminently successful. As 

 examples of the efficiency of Chinese labor, 

 California and Australia have been alluded to ; 

 but in both of these the prevailing conditions 

 were different from those characterizing Brazil, 

 where the only desideratum is not competition 

 for labor but hands to cultivate the soil. 



The Emperor is Dom Pedro II, born De- 

 cember 2, 1825 ; proclaimed April 7, 1831 ; 

 regency until July 23, 1840; cro,wned July 18, 

 1841 ; married September 4, 1843, to Theresa 

 Christina Maria, daughter of the late King 

 Fnincis I of the Two Sicilies. 



A change of Ministry occurred early in the 

 year, but did not result in a change of party, 

 the Liberals continuing in power. The Hew 

 Cabinet was made up as follows : Minister of 

 the Interior, Baron Homem de Mello ; of Jus- 

 tice, Councilor M. P. S. Dantas, Senator ; of 

 Foreign Affairs, Councilor P. L. Pereira de 

 Souza, Deputy ; of Finance, Councilor J. A. 

 Saraiva, Senator, and President of the Council 

 of State ; of War, Viscount de Pelotas, Senator ; 

 of the Navy, Councilor J. R. Lima Duarte, 

 Deputy ; of Public Works, Commerce, and Ag- 

 riculture, Councilor M. Buarque de Macedo, 

 Deputy. 



The Council of State was composed of the 

 following members in ordinary : the Princess 

 Imperial Donna Isabel; Prince Gaston d'Or- 

 leans, Count d'Eu; the Senators Viscount 

 d'Abaet6, Viscount de Muritiba, Viscount de 

 Bom Retiro, Viscount de Jaguary, Viscount de 

 Nictheroy, Viscount de Araxa, J. P. Diasde Car- 

 vacho, and J. J. Teixeira; Vice- Admiral J. R. 

 de Lamare ; Dr. P. J. Scares de Souza ; and of 

 six members extraordinary : Senators J. L. C. 

 Paranagua and M. P. S. Dantas ; Councilors 

 Martin Francisco and B. A. de M. Taques; 

 Viscount de Prados, and Dr. J. C. de Andrade. 



The President of the Senate, which com- 

 prises fifty-eight members elected for life, is 

 Viscount de Jaguary ; and the Vice-President, 

 Count de Baependy. 



The President of the Chamber of Deputies, 

 with one hundred and twenty-two members 

 elected for four years, is Viscount de Prados ; 

 and the Vice-President, F. de Almeida. 



The Presidents of the several provinces were 

 as follows : 



Dr. C. Pinto da Silva. 

 Ainnzonas ............... Baron de Maracajii. 



Bahin .................... D r . A. Aragao Bulcao. 



Ceara .................... Dr. J. J. de Albuquerque Barros. 



Espirito Santo ........... Dr. E. S. Martins. 



Goyaz ................... Dr. A. S. Spinola. 



Maranhiio ................ Dr. L. O. Lino de Vasconcellos. 



Matto Grosso ............ Dr. J J. Pedroza 



Minas Geraes ............ Dr. M. J. G. Reb'ello Horta. 



p ara ..................... Dr. J. C. da Gama e Abreu. 



Parahyba ................ Dr. U M. Pereira Vinnna. 



Parana .................. Dr. M. P. 8. Dantas Filho. 



Pernambuco Dr. A. de Barros Cavalcante. 



Piauhy Dr. J. P. Beltbrt Vieira. 



Rio Grande do Norte Dr. R. L. Marcondes. 



Rio de Janeiro Dr. A. M. Marcondes de Andrade. 



Santa Catharina Dr. A. A. Oliveira. 



Sao Paulo Dr. L. A. de Brito. 



Sao Pedro (Rio Grande) 



do Sul Dr. F. Pereira da Silva. 



Sergipe Dr. T. F. dos Santos. 



The Archbishop of Bahia, N- 



-, is Pri- 



mate of all Brazil, and there are eleven bishops : 

 those of Para, Sao Luiz, Fortaleza, Olinda, Rio 

 de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Porto Alegre, Marianna, 

 Diarnantina, Goyaz, and Cuyaba. 



The Brazilian Minister Plenipotentiary and 

 Envoy Extraordinary to the United States is 

 Councilor A. P. de Carvalho Borges, accredited 

 October 9, 1871; and the Brazilian Consul- 

 General (for the Union) at New York is Sen- 

 hor Salvador de Mendon^a. 



According to the law of February 27, 1875, 

 military service is obligatory for all Brazilian 

 citizens; but numerous exceptions are admit- 

 ted, and substitution is allowable. The period 

 of service is six years in the regular army, and 

 three in the reserve. The regulation strength 

 of the army in time of peace is fixed at 13,000 

 men ; though the actual strength in 1880 was 

 15,304, of whom 1,743 were officers. The 

 strength in time of war was to be fixed at 32,000. 

 The arms were distributed as follows : Infantry, 

 twenty-one battalions, eight garrison compa- 

 nies, and one depot company for drilling re- 

 cruits; cavalry, five regiments, one squadron, 

 and five garrison companies ; artillery, three 

 mounted regiments, and five foot-battalions ; 

 sappers and miners, one battalion ; gendarmes, 

 8,340 men, of whom 931 were at Rio de Janei- 

 ro. The National Guard had been disbanded, 

 and was to be reorganized on completion of 

 the new census. 



The navy, in 1880, consisted of nine iron- 

 clad steamers, six steam-corvettes, sixteen 

 steam-gunboats, and six steam-transports; and 

 three sail of the line (one corvette and two 

 smaller craft); with an aggregate of 3,758 

 men, and a total armament of 166 guns. There 

 were, besides, five iron-clad ships, one gunboat, 

 one school-ship, and one brig for midshipmen, 

 all without armament ; and there was a gun- 

 boat in process of building. There were in 

 the navy 14 general staff-officers, 340 first-class 

 officers, a sanitary corps 73 strong, 17 almo- 

 ners, 88 accountants, 57 guardians, and 185 en- 

 gineers ; an imperial marine corps 2,695 strong ; 

 a naval battalion, 286, and 1,229 apprentices; 

 total, 4,984 men. 



The financial position of the empire may in 

 general be considered to have improved, owing 

 mainly to increased productions, the coffee- 

 crop alone promising to fall little short of 

 300,000 tons (or 672,000,000 pounds)! The 

 issue of gold bonds has proved a financial suc- 

 cess these obligations being largely held in 

 England and in Brazil, and regarded as a favor- 

 ite investment. 



In a non- official report published in July, 

 1880, the revenue for the fiscal year 1878-79 



