66 



BKOCA, PAUL, 



BULGARIA. 



had anticipated. In 1868 the city of Edin- 

 burgh presented him with the freedom of the 

 city. In the same year Mr. Bright became for 

 the first time a member of the Cabinet, being 

 President of the Board of Trade in 



appointed 

 Mr. Gladst 



r. Gladstone's first Cabinet. Illness compelled 

 him to relinquish this office in December, 1870, 

 and he did not again take office until 1873, 

 when he was appointed Chancellor of the 

 Duchy of Lancaster. He held that post until 

 February, 1874, when the Liberal Cabinet 

 went out of office. Selections of his politi- 

 cal speeches have appeared under the titles: 

 " Speeches on Parliamentary Reform " (Lon- 

 don, 1867); "Speeches on Questions of Pub- 

 lic Policy " (edited by Rogers, 2 vols., London, 

 1869) ; and " Speeches on the Public Aifairs" 

 (London, 1869). A u Life of John Bright " 

 has been published by Mr. Gilchrist (London, 

 1868). 



BROCA, Dr. PAUL, French Senator and 

 scientist, died July 9th. He was born in 1824, 

 at Sainte - Foy - la - Grande, Gironde ; studied 

 medicine under his eminent father, graduated 

 from the Paris Faculte de Medecine in 1844, 

 and became an 'assistant in the hospital. He 

 won several prizes, became demonstrator of 

 anatomy and prosector, and in 1849 took his 

 degree of M. D. In 1852 he published a the- 

 sis on the " Pathological Anatomy of Cancer." 

 In 1853 he passed as surgeon, and became suc- 

 cessively surgeon of the Bicetre, theSalpetriere, 

 the Saint Antoine, and Professor of Surgical 

 Clinics at La Pitied He published works on "Ab- 

 dominal Hernia " (1856) ; "Aneurisms " (1856) ; 

 "Surgical Hypnotic Anassthesis " (1859); 

 " Fractures and Osseous Regeneration " (1859) ; 

 " Resuscitating Animals " (1860) ; "Animal Hy- 

 bridity in General and Human Hybridity in 

 Particular " (1860) ; and " Treatise on Tumors " 

 (1865). lie was conjoint author with Bonamy, 

 Beau, and Hirschfeld, of " The Descriptive Atlas 

 of the Anatomy of the Human Body," an in- 

 valuable work. He was also a frequent con- 

 tributor to the bulletins of various societies. 

 He was a member of the Anatomical, Biologi- 

 cal, Philomathic, and Surgical Societies, and a 

 corresponding member of the leading foreign 

 scientific associations. He was the principal 

 founder of the French Anthropological Society. 

 He was the director of the School of Anthro- 

 pology and of the Anthropological Laboratory 

 of the Ecole des Hautes Etudes. His anthro- 

 pological researches resulted in the publication 

 (1865) of a manual in regard to the best mode 

 of conducting them, followed by "The Physi- 

 cal Character of Prehistoric Man" (1868), and 

 " The Comparative Anatomy of Man and the 

 Primates " (1869). He contributed important 

 articles to the "Encyclopedic Dictionary of 

 the Medical Sciences." Dr. Broca was one of 

 the earliest adherents in France to the Dar- 

 winian theory. His advocacy of these views 

 prevented at first his election to the Senate. He 

 was a moderate republican in politics, and in 

 1880 he was elected life-senator in the place 



of Count Montalivet. He was President of the 

 Congress of Anthropology held in Paris at the 

 Trocadero, during the Universal Exposition of 

 1878. 



BROUGHAM, JOHN, an American play- 

 wright, actor, and scholar, was born in Dublin, 

 Ireland, May 8, 1810. He graduated with honor 

 at Trinity College, Dublin. Charles Lever was 

 one of his classmates, and Brougham is said to 

 have been the original of " Harry Lorrequer." 

 He studied medicine, but never became a sur- 

 geon. He made his debut as an actor in 1830 

 in the extravaganza of " Tom and Jerry," 

 played at a small theatre in Tottenham Court 

 Road, London. As "general utility man," in 

 1832 he joined the company under the man- 

 agement of Madame Vestris, first at the Olym- 

 pic and afterward at Covent Garden. In 1840 

 he undertook the management of the Lyceum 

 Theatre, London. He then began his career 

 as playwright, his first work being " Life in the 

 Clouds." To retrieve his fortunes he came to 

 the United States in 1842, and made his de- 

 but at the Park Theatre, New York, as Tim 

 Moore in " The Irish Lion." He became a 

 favorite, and his popularity as an actor never 

 waned during his long career upon the Amer- 

 ican stage. His misfortunes were due to his 

 attempts as manager, for which position he 

 was unfitted. He founded Brougham's Ly- 

 ceum (afterward Wallack's), tried the Bow- 

 ery Theatre, and finally leased Fisk's Fifth 

 Avenue Theatre, all of which proved as un- 

 lucky as his first venture in London. He pro- 

 duced many plays, the well-known burlesques 

 " Metamora," " Columbus," and " Pocahon- 

 tas " ; an adaptation from "Dombey and Son," 

 which held the stage for many seasons ; " The 

 Haunted Man," "Gold Dust," and numerous 

 others. The best of his comedies, "Playing 

 with Fire," was played in New York, and after- 

 ward in London, with marked success. His 

 well-known adaptation from Feval's " Le Bos- 

 su," called " The Duke's Motto," was written 

 for Fechter, of whose company he was then a 

 member. In 1861 Brougham went to London 

 and played at the Lyceum and Princess's Thea- 

 tres. He returned to America and resumed 

 his theatrical career. The failure of a banking 

 firm swept away his fortune ; broken in health 

 but not in spirit, he spent his last days in the 

 city with which he was identified. A benefit 

 organized by his fellow -players produced over 

 ten thousand dollars, with which an annuity 

 was purchased. He died in New York on June 

 7th, aged seventy. He left an autobiography, 

 and an unpublished play called " Home Rule." 



BULGARIA, a principality of Southeastern 

 Europe, which was created in 1878 by the 

 Treaty of Berlin, as a dependency of Turkey. 

 Reigning Prince, Alexander I,* elected in 1879 ; 

 area, 63,865 square kilometres (1 kilometre= 



* For a biography of Alexander I, see "Annual Cyclopae- 

 dia" for 1879. article ALEXANDER I; for an account of the 

 history of the race, of the progress of education, of newspa- 

 pers, of industry, and of the Bulgarian Church, see " Annual 

 Cyclopedia" for 1878, article BULGARIA. 



