84 



CENSUS. 



tigated the whole subject and passed a series of 

 resolutions which, it is believed, will form the 

 foundation of most of the official censuses Here- 

 after. These resolutions were substantially as 

 follows: 



1. To avoid errors and double enumeration, 

 the real population which is present at a place 

 at the moment of enumeration must be made 

 the basis of the census. 



2. The census should mention every individ- 

 ual by name. 



3. A census should be taken at least once in 

 every decennium, and in those years the num- 

 ber of which ends in a naught. 



4. As nearly as possible, a census should be 

 completed on one day, or all the statements 

 should refer to one day. 



5. The execution and control of the census 

 is to be confided to special agents, and the pop- 

 ulation should be trained to cooperate. 



6. Wherever it is practicable, individual 

 cards, containing questions addressed to only 

 one individual, should be used ; where this is 

 not possible, household lists should be em- 

 ployed. 



7. The points to be inquired into may be di- 

 vided into those which may be designated as 

 obligatory for all states, and those which may 

 be left to the several .states. The Congress 

 designated as points of the first class : Family 

 name and first name ; sex ; age ; relationship 

 to the head of the house ; status of the family ; 

 occupation; religious denomination; mother- 

 tongue; knowledge of reading and writing; 

 birthplace, if it is different from the place of 

 enumeration; citizenship; bodily and mental 

 infirmities, as blindness, deafness and dumb- 

 ness, insanity, and imbecility. 



Professor H. Wagner, of Gottingen, has pub- 

 lished in the sixth volume of the well-known 

 periodical, >l Die BevolkerungderErde 1 ' (Gotha, 

 1880), a complete list of all the censuses which 

 have been taken up to the end of 1879. We 

 extract from this list the censuses of the larger 

 countries to which the " Annual Cyclopaedia " 

 generally devotes special articles, adding the 

 censuses which were taken in the course of the 

 year 1880 



America : United States, 1790, 1800, 1810, 

 1820, 1830, 1840, 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880 ; Can- 

 ada, 1871; Guatemala, 1872; San Salvador 

 1878; Venezuela, 1873 ; Colombia, 1870 ; Peru, 

 1876; Chili, 1865, 1875; Argentine Kepublic, 

 3869; Paraguay, 1873; Brazil, 1872. 



Europe: Austro-Hungary, 1857, 1869, 1880; 

 Belgium, 1846, 1856, 1866, 1876; Denmark, 

 1840, 1845, 1855, 1860, 1870, 1880; France, 

 every fifth year from 1820 to 1866, 1872, 1876 ; 

 Germany, 1871, 1875, 1880; Great Britain, 

 every tenth year from 1801 to 1871 (the first 

 regular census in Ireland was taken in 1821) ; 

 Italy, 1861, 1871 ; Netherlands, every tenth year 

 from 1829 to 1879 ; Norway, every tenth year 

 from 1815 to 1875 ; Portugal, 1863, 1878 ; Rou- 

 mania, 1859-1860 ; Russia (regular censuses 

 have been taken only in a few cities ; for the 



empire in general there are so-called "revi- 

 sions," which calculate the total population on 

 the basis of the police registers) ; Sweden (the 

 Lutheran clergy have kept since 1749 accurate 

 parochial registers, which in general have the 

 value of censuses ; the results have been pub- 

 lished every fifth year since 1750, as " enumera- 

 tions " ; since 1860 the Government has also 

 published annual results) ; Switzerland, 1850, 

 1860, 1870, 1880 ; Servia, 1866, 1874 ; Spain, 

 1857, 1860, 1877. 



Asia : British India, 1867-1872 ; Japan, 1874. 



Australia : All the colonies took censuses in 

 1861 and 1871. Other censuses have been taken 

 as follows: Queensland, 1876; New South 

 Wales, 1821, 1822, 1823, 1825, 1828, 1833, 1836, 

 1841, 1846, 1851, 1856; Victoria, 1836, 1838, 

 1841, 1846, 1851, 1854, 1857; South Australia, 

 1844, 1846, 1851, 1855, 1866, 1876 ; West Aus- 

 tralia, 1850 ; New Zealand, 1857, 1858, 1864, 

 1867, 1874, 1878. 



The aggregate population of the countries in 

 which censuses have been taken, inclusive of 

 Russia, amounts to 626,000,000. 



For taking the tenth census in the United 

 States, Congress provided (see acts of Forty- 

 fifth Congress, chapter cxcv) that the Presi- 

 dent shall appoint supervisors, not to exceed 

 one hundred and fifty, and the Secretary of the 

 Interior shall, on or before the first day of 

 March, 1880, designate the number to be ap- 

 pointed within each State or Territory. Each 

 supervisor of census shall apportion his district 

 into subdivisions, and designate to the Super- 

 intendent of the Census at Washington suitable 

 persons as enumerators. The enumeration shall 

 commence on the first Monday of June, and be 

 taken of that date. Each enumerator is re- 

 quired to complete and forward his returns to 

 the supervisor of his district on or before July 

 1, 1880 ; and in any city having over 10,000 

 inhabitants under the census of 1870 the enu- 

 meration of population shall be taken within two 

 weeks from the first Monday of June. Each 

 supervisor shall receive $500 in full compensa- 

 tion for all services rendered. To enumerators 

 in subdivisions, where the Superintendent of 

 Census shall deem such an allowance sufficient, 

 an allowance not exceeding two cents for each 

 living inhabitant, two cents for each death re- 

 ported, ten cents for each farm, and fifteen cents 

 for each establishment of productive industry 

 enumerated and returned, may be given in full 

 compensation for all services. For all other 

 subdivisions, rates of compensation shall be 

 fixed in advance of the enumeration by the 

 Superintendent of Census, with the approval 

 of the Secretary of the Interior, according to 

 the difficulty of enumeration ; but the compen- 

 sation allowed to any enumerator in any dis- 

 trict east of the 100th meridian shall not exceed 

 an average of four dollars per day of ten hours 

 actual field- w r ork each, and the compensation to 

 any enumerator in any district west of the 100th 

 meridian shall not exceed six dollars per work- 

 ing-day of equal length. 



