CHILDERS, HUGH C. E. 



CHILI. 



97 



(1853); "The Progress of Religious Ideas 

 through Successive Ages " (1855; ; and "Au- 

 tumnal Leaves, and Sketches in Prose and 

 Rhyme" (1857). 



In 1859 Mrs. Child wrote a letter of sympa- 

 thy to John Brown, then a prisoner at Harper's 

 Ferry, which involved her in a correspondence 

 with Governor Wise and Mrs. Mason, of Vir- 

 ginia; these letters were published in pamphlet 

 form in 1860. Daring the same year she pub- 

 lished two small tracts upon the fugitive-slave 

 law and emancipation in the British West In- 

 dies. In 1864 she printed " Looking toward 

 Sunset"; then followed "The Freedman's 

 Book." In 1867 "The Romance of the Re- 

 public" was printed. Daring her later years 

 she was remarkable for her munificence in con- 

 tributing pecuniary help to the Union soldiers 

 during the war, and afterward to the freed- 

 men. 



CHILDERS, HUGH CCJLLTNG EARDLEY, Sec- 

 retary of State in the new Cabinet of Glad- 

 stone, was born in London, in June, 1827. He 

 was educated at Cheam School and Trinity 

 College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 

 1850. He gained his earliest political experi- 

 ence in the Australian colonies, to which he 

 proceeded immediately after leaving college. 

 At the age of twenty-three Mr. Childers ob- 

 tained a seat in the Victorian Cabinet as Com- 

 missioner of Trade and Castoms, and retained 

 that office six years. He was during the same 

 time member for Portland in the Legislative 

 Assambly In 1857 he returned to England 

 as Agent-general for the colony, and two 

 years afterward contested Pontefract in the 

 Liberal interest. Though unsuccessful, he was 

 able to unseat his opponent on petition, and 

 afterward gained the seat. Mr. Childers be- 

 came a Lord of the Admiralty in 1864, and 

 Financial Secretary to the Treasury in the fol- 

 lowing year, retiring on the advent of Lord 

 Derby's third Ministry. On Mr. Gladstone's 

 coming into power in December, 1868, he was 

 assigned the position of First Lord of the Ad- 

 miralty, but resigned, owing to ill health, in 

 March, 1871. He joined the Ministry again as 

 Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in Au- 

 gust, 1872, and retained the appointment until 

 the Administration was reconstructed, in Sep- 

 tember, 1873. Mr. Childers is the author of 

 pamphlets on "National Education," "Free 

 Trade," and other subjects, and is a Fellow of 

 the Royal Society. 



CHILI (REPUBLICS DE CHILE). Detailed 

 statements relating to the territorial division, 

 population, etc., of the country were given in 

 the " Annual Cyclopaedia " for 1879. 



The Patagonian boundary question still re- 

 mains unsettled, but a friendly solution of the 

 difficulty is confidently looked forward to both 

 by the Chilians and the Argentines. 



The President of the Republic is Sefior Don 

 Anibal Pinto (inaugurated on September 18, 

 1876). The Cabinet was composed of the fol- 

 lowing Ministers : Interior, Sefior Don M. Ro- 

 VOL. xx. 7 A 



cabarren ; Foreign Affairs and Colonization, 

 Sefior Don Domingo Santa Maria; Finance, 

 Sefior Don J. Alfonso; Justice, Public Wor- 

 ship, and Public Instruction, Sefior Huerta; 

 and War and the Navy, General E. Silo. 



The peace strength of the Chilian army was 

 fixed by Congress, in 1875, at 3,573, compris- 

 ing 712 horse, 2,000 foot, 804 artillery, etc. 

 The National Guard consisted of 1,215 horse, 

 21,147 foot, and 1,925 artillery. But, on war 

 being declared against Peru and Bolivia, the 

 strength of the regular army was raised to 

 20,000, and that of the National Guard to 30,- 

 000, thus giving a total land-force of 50,000. 

 In October, 1880, a single number of the " Offi- 

 cial Gazette " is said to have contained eleven 

 decrees relating to the formation of as many 

 new corps, with an aggregate of 20,000 men. 



According to official returns published in the 

 second half of the year, the navy comprised 11 

 ships of war, 12 transports, 3 pontoons, and 2 

 launches (torpedoes), in all 28 craft; with an 

 aggregate of 28,107 tons, 5,459 horse-power; 

 an armament of 83 pieces of cannon ; and 224 

 naval officers of all grades, and 1,686 seamen ; 

 besides six marine officers commanding 389 

 marines. In the number of vessels here stated 

 are included six mail-steamers chartered by 

 the Government until the end of the war, and 

 equipped by their owners. 



In President Pinto's message to Congress on 

 June 1, 1880, the national revenue, ordinary 

 and extraordinary, for 1879, was set down at 

 $27,693,087, and the expenditure at $24,777,- 

 360._ ^ These figures, if accurately transcribed, 

 exhibit a marked one might almost say an un- 

 precedented improvement, as compared with 

 those for 1878 ($20,443,977 revenue, and $21,- 

 375,728 expenditure) ; and, what is still more 

 noteworthy, a surplus of $2,915,727, instead of 

 a deficit of nearly $1,000,000. Sefior Pinto 

 remarks, however, that " this latter sum (the 

 expenditure for 1879) does not include a con- 

 siderable portion of the expenses incurred by 

 our legation in Europe and not yet liquidated." 

 But, be the expenses referred to ever so great, 

 the fact still stands of an increase of $7,249,- 

 110 in the revenue for 1879 over that for the 

 year previous. 



The customs receipts at the port of Valpa- 

 raiso for the first quarter of 1880 show an in- 

 crease over the corresponding period of 1879, 

 as follows: 



This result was in part due to advanced 

 rates of duty. Taxation, direct and indirect, 

 was in numerous instances increased, though 

 in none to an onerous degree, save in the case 

 of the nitrate, to which further reference will 

 be made hereafter. One most important ex- 



