CHINA. 



105 



five miles from Canton, intending afterward 

 to proceed farther inland, on religious work. 

 They were assailed by a crowd of people with 

 threats of drowning, stones, and other missiles, 

 and barely escaped with their lives by retreat- 

 ing to the river and taking refuge on a boat. 



General Tso - Tsung-t'ang, commander -in- 

 chief of the Chinese troops on both sides of the 

 Great Wall, is described by the Austrian Count 

 Szechenyi, who tried to enter Thibet and was 

 foiled, as a small, fat, jovial man, sixty-seven 

 years of age, with coarse features, and sparkling, 

 always moving eyes. He is the son of poor 

 parents, and has risen solely by merit. He 

 insists upon exercising his authority to its full 

 extent, and has the reputation of being honest 

 and upright, possessing the command of large 

 sums of money and saving nothing. He lives 

 in great simplicity, and employs his large salary 

 in buying Krupp guns for his country. He is 

 cruelly severe, watches the conduct of his sol- 

 diers with extreme rigor, and has interdicted 

 the use of opium by them under severe penal- 

 ties. 



The European residents at the treaty ports 

 have been again pressing for the removal of 

 the Woosung bar, an obstruction that lies near 

 the mouth of the river on which Shanghai is 

 situated, and which runs into the Yang-tse. 

 The bar is some eight or nine miles below the 

 Anglo-American settlement, and the water on 

 it, except at certain stages of the tide, is not 

 sufficient to allow steamers of great draught to 

 pass up to Shanghai. The vessels of the Pen- 

 insular and Oriental Company and the Mes- 

 sageries Maritimes are, however, seldom pre- 

 vented from ascending the river to the settle- 

 ment ; so that the bar, though an inconvenience, 

 is not an insuperable obstacle to commerce. 

 The answer of the Chinese, when pressed to 

 remove the bar or dredge a sufficient channel 

 in it is, invariably, that the bar prevents the 

 passage of foreigu ironclads, and is to that ex- 

 tent a defense to their dock-yard and arsenal 

 at Kiangnan. 



The following is the text of the two treaties 

 between China and the United States: 



I. Whereas, In the eighth year of Heen-fung, Anno 

 Domini 1858, a treaty of peace and friendship was 

 concluded between the United States of America and 

 China, to which were added, in the seventh year of 

 Tung Chih, Anno Domini 186S, certain supplementary 

 articles to the advantage of both parties, which sup- 

 plementary articles were to be perpetually observed 

 and obeyed ; and 



Whereas, The Government of the United States, be- 

 cause of the constantly increasing immigration of Chi- 

 nese laborers to the territory of the United States, and 

 the embarrassments consequent upon such immigra- 

 tio.i, now desires to negotiate a modification of the 

 existing treaties, which shall not be in direct contra- 

 vention of their spirit : 



Now, therefore, the President of the United States 

 of America has appointed James B. Angell, of Michi- 

 gan ; John F. Swift, of California ; and William Henry 

 Trescott, of South Carolina, as his Commissioners 

 Plenipotentiary, and his Imperial Majesty the Em- 

 peror of China has appointed Pao Chun, a member of 

 his Imperial Majesty's Privy Council, and Superin- 

 tendent of the Board of Civil Office, and Li Hung 



Tsao, a member of his Imperial Majesty's Privy Coun- 

 cil, as his Commissioners Plenipotentiary ; and the 

 said Commissioners, having conjointly examined their 

 full powers, and having discussed the points of possi- 

 ble modification in existing treaties, have agreed upon 

 the following articles in modification : 



ARTICLE I. Whenever in the opinion of the Government 

 of the United States, the coming of Chinese laborers to the 

 United States, or their residence therein, affects, or threatens 

 to affect, the interests of that country, to endanger the 

 goad order of the said country, or of any locality within 

 the territory thereof, the Government of China agrees that 

 the Government of the United States may regulate, limit, 

 or suspend such coming or residence, but may not abso- 

 lutely prohibit it. The limitation or suspension shall be 

 reasonable, and shall apply only to Chinese who may go to 

 the United States as laborers, other classes not being in- 

 cluded in the limitation. Legislation taken in regard to 

 Chinese laborers will be of such a character only as is neces- 

 sary to enforce the regulation, limitation, or suspension of 

 immigration, and immigrants shall not be subject to personal 

 maltreatment or abuse. 



ART. II. Chinese subjects, whether proceeding to the Unit- 

 ed States as teachers, students, merchants, of from curios- 

 ity, together with body and household servants, and Chinese 

 laborers who are now in the United States shall be allowed 

 to go and come of their own free will and accord, and shall 

 be accorded all the rights, privileges, immunities, and ex- 

 emptions which are accorded to the citizens and subjects of 

 the most favored nation. 



ART. III. If Chinese laborers or Chinese of any other class, 

 now either permanently or temporarily residing in the terri- 

 tory of the United States, meet with ill-treatment at the 

 hands of any other persons, the Government of the United 

 States will exert all its power to devise measures for their 

 protection, and to secure to them the same rights, privileges, 

 immunities, and exemptions as may be enjoyed by the citi- 

 zens or subjects of the most favored nation, and to which 

 they are entitled by treaty. 



ART. IV. The high contracting powers having agreed upon 

 the foregoing articles, whenever the Government of the Unit- 

 ed States shall adopt legislative measures in accordance 

 therewith, such measures will be communicated to the Gov- 

 ernment of China. If such measures, as enacted, are found 

 to work hardships upon the subjects of China, the Chinese 

 Minister at Washington may bring the matter to the notice 

 of the Secretary of State of the United States, who will con- 

 sider the subject with him ; and the Chinese Foreign Office 

 may also bring the matter to the notice of the United States 

 Minister at Peking and consider the subject with him, to the 

 end that mutual and unqualified benefit may result. 



In faith whereof, the respective Plenipotentiaries 

 have signed and sealed the foregoing at Peking, in 

 English and Chinese, being three originals of each 

 text, of even tenor and date, the ratifications of which 

 shall be exchanged at Peking, within one year from 

 the date of its execution. 



Done at Peking, this 17th day of November, in the 

 year of our Lord 1880, Kuang Tsu, sixth year, tenth 

 moon, fifteenth day. 



JAMES B. ANGELL, SEAL. 



JOHN F. SWIFT, SEAL. 



WILLIAM HENRY TRESCOTT, SEAL. 



Signatures of the Chinese Commissioners. SEAL. 



II. The commercial treaty reads thus : 



The President of the United States and his Imperial 

 Majesty the Emperor of China, because of certain 

 points of incompleteness in the existing treaties be- 

 tween their two Governments, have named as their 

 Commissioners Plenipotentiary, that is to say, the 

 President of the United States James B. Angell, of 

 Michigan ; John F. Swift, of California ; and William 

 Henry Trescott, of South Carolina : his Imperial Ma- 

 jesty the Emperor of China Pao Chun, a member of his 

 Imperial Majesty's Privy Council and Superintend- 

 ent of the Board of Civil Office, and Li Hung Tsao, 

 a member of his Imperial Majesty's Privy Council, 

 who have agreed upon and concluded the following 

 articles : 



ARTICLE I. The Governments of the United States and 

 China, recognizing the benefits of their past commercial re- 

 lations, and in order still further to promote such relations 

 between the citizens and subjects of the two powers, mutu- 

 ally agree to give the most careful and favorable attention to 

 the representations of either, or to such special extension of 

 commercial intercourse as either may desire. 



