106 



CHOPPIN, SAMUEL P. 



CIRCUMNUTATION. 



ART. II. The Governments of China and of the United 

 States mutually agree and undertake that Chinese subjects 

 shall not be permitted to import opium into any of the ports 

 of the United States, and the citizens of the United States 

 shall not be permitted to import opium into any of the open 

 ports of China, to transport it from one open port to any 

 other open port, or to buy or sell opium in any of the open 

 ports of China. This ab.-olute prohibition, which extends to 

 vessels owned by the citizens or subjects of either power, to 

 foreign vessels employed by them, or to vessels owned by 

 the citizens or subjects of either power, and employed by 

 other persons for the transportation of opium, shall be en- 

 forced .by appropriate legislation on the part of China and 

 the United States, and the benefits of the favored-nation 

 clause in existing treaties shall not be claimed by the. citizen 

 or subject of either power, as against the provisions of this 

 article. 



ART. Ifl. Ilis Imperial Majesty the Emperor of China 

 hereby promises and agrees that no other kind or higher 

 rate of tonnage dues or duties for imports or exports on 

 coastwise trade shall be imposed or levied in the open ports 

 of Chi ia upon vessels wholly belonging to citizens of the 

 United States, or upon the produce, manufactures, or mer- 

 chandise imported in the same from the United States, or 

 from any foreign country, or upon the produce, manufactures, 

 or merchandise exported in the sa.ne to the United States, or 

 to any foreign country, or transported in the same from one 

 open port of China to another, than are imposed or- levied on 

 vessels or cargoes of any other nation or on those of Chinese 

 subjects. The United states hereby promise and agree that 

 no other kind or higher rate of tonnage dues or duties for 

 imports shall be imposed or levied in the ports of the United 

 States, upon vessels wholly belonging to the subjects of his 

 Imperial Majesty, and coming either directly or by way of 

 any foreign port, from any of the ports of China which are 

 open to foreign trade, to the ports of the United States, or 

 returning therefrom, either directly or by way of any of the 

 open ports of China, or upon the produce, manufactures, or 

 merchandise imported in the same from China or from any 

 foreign country, than are imposed or levied on vessels of other 

 nations which make no discrimination against the United 

 States in tonnage dues or duties on imports, exports, or 

 coastwise trade, or than are imposed or levied on vessels and 

 cargoes of citizens of the United States. 



ART. IV. When controversies arise in the Chinese Empire 

 between citizens of the United States and subjects of his 

 Imperial Majesty which need to be examined and decided by 

 the public officers of the two nations, it is agreed between 

 the Governments of the United States and China that such 

 cases shall be tried by the proper official of the natior.ali'y of 

 the defendant. The properly authorized official of the plain- 

 tiffs nationality shall be freely permitted to attend the trial, 

 and shall be treated with the courtesy due his position. He 

 shall be granted all proper facilities for watching the pro- 

 ceedings in the interests of justice. If he so desires, he shall 

 have the right to present, to examine, and to cross-examine 

 witnesses. If he is dissatisfied with the proceedings, he 

 shall be permitted to protest against them in detail. The 

 Jaw administered will be the law of the nationality of the 

 officer trying the case. 



In faith whereof, the Plenipotentiaries have signed 

 and sealed the foregoing, at Peking, in English and 

 Chinese, etc. 



Signatures of the Chinese Commissioners : 

 JAMES B. ANGELL, 

 JOHN F. SWIFT, 

 WILLIAM HENEY TKESCOTT. 



CHOPPIN, SAMUEL PAUL, M. D., was born 

 in the parish of West Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 

 September 20, 1828. Educated at Jefferson 

 College, after his graduation in 1846 he studied 

 medicine in New Orleans and Paris. In 1852 

 he was elected Resident Surgeon of the Charity 

 Hospital, and appointed, by the Faculty of the 

 University, Demonstrator of Anatomy. In 

 1850 he was one of the founders of the New 

 Orleans School of Medicine. Its success was 

 so rapid that in 1859 it numbered two hundred 

 and sixty-seven students. While surgeon ot 

 the hospital Dr. Choppin, in conjunction with 

 some of his confreres, began the publication 

 of the "New Orleans Medical News and 

 Hospital Gazette." At the outset of the civil 



war he was appointed surgeon-in-chief on 

 the staff of General Beauregard. After the 

 close of the war he increased his reputation 

 by brilliant operations in plastic surgery and 

 ovariotomy. In 1876 the Louisiana Board of 

 Health was reorganized, and Dr. Choppin was 

 elected President. This branch of the public 

 service had been loosely conducted. Nine 

 years had elapsed since an epidemic. He 

 made earnest efforts to have the quarantine 

 strictly enforced, believing that the yellow 

 fever never originates in the United States. 

 Denunciations and menaces were freely be- 

 stowed upon the President of the Board of 

 Health. The quarantine was evaded, and the 

 epidemic reigned. His public services and de- 

 feats told upon his health. He died in New 

 Orleans, May 2d. 



CIRCUMNUTATION. The manifold won- 

 derful modifications of the climbing organs of 

 vines and creepers, which enable them to lift 

 their foliage to the sunlight, accords so strik- 

 ingly with Darwin's theory of adaptation that 

 the attention of that scientist was naturally at- 

 tracted to the study of this class of plants. The 

 subject was brought to his attention by an 

 essay by Professor Asa Gray upon the move- 

 ments of the tendrils of cucurbitaceous plants, 

 published in 1858, in the " Proceedings of the 

 American Academy of Arts and Sciences." The 

 stems and tendrils of climbing plants are found 

 to be subject to a general law of revolution, 

 sweeping .about in wider and wider circles as 

 they elongate, until they encounter an upright 

 object, which they twine about, climbing up- 

 ward in obedience to the law which directs 

 the stems of all plants skyward. These move- 

 ments had been observed long before by Palm, 

 Hugo von Mohl, and Dutrochet. There are 

 other remarkable habits of spontaneous move- 

 ment, some of which are common to all plants, 

 some developed in certain species of many 

 widely divergent orders, and some confined to 

 cognate species. The phenomenon of the sleep 

 of leaves is an example of plant-motion so wide- 

 spread and so striking that it attracted the at- 

 tention of Pliny. The sensitiveness to touch 

 observed in a limited number of species was 

 one of the subjects of Darwin's prolific investi- 

 gations, and led to the curious discovery of the 

 carnivorous habits of some of these. The habits 

 of movement in plants, as well as the other phe- 

 nomena of vegetable physiology, have been most 

 minutely and patiently watched by contempo- 

 raneous botanists, notably by Sachs, Frank, 

 De Vries. and other German investigators, who 

 have gathered by the help of the microscope 

 and other delicate instruments a multitude of 

 facts regarding these phenomena, from which 

 they have made some important generaliza- 

 tions. Collating all the observations upon plant- 

 movements published, and with the assistance 

 of his son Francis verifying and enlarging them 

 by ingenious methods of their own, Charles 

 Darwin has established a general law of deep 

 and comprehensive scientific import. Every 



