278 



FRANCE. 



1870... 

 1871.. 

 1872.. 

 1873. . 



1874. . 

 1875. . 

 1876. . 

 1877.. 



1878 . 



Births. 

 Exclusive of still 



Deaths, 

 born children. 



948,526 

 944,115 

 826,121 

 966,000 

 946,364 

 954,652 

 950,975 



944.576 



864,320 



1,046,909 



1,271,010 



793,064 



844,588 



781,709 



845,062 



834,074 



801,956 



Surplus of births (B.) 

 or deaths (D.). 



B. 84,206 



D. 103,394 



D. 444,815 



B. 172,936 



B. 101,776 



B. 172,U43 



B. 105,913 



B. 132,608 



B. 142,620 



B. 98,175 



The relation of marriages to the total popu- 

 lation from 1871 to 1877 was as follows: 



Total population. 



Marriages. 



Number of 

 marriages to 



the 100 

 inhabitants. 



years in the standing army, four years in the 

 reserve of the standing army, five years in the 

 territorial army (Landwehr), and six years in 

 the reserve of the territorial army (Landsturm). 

 By a law of July 24, 1873, on the reorganiza- 

 tion of the army, France is divided into eigh- 

 teen districts, each of which is occupied by an 

 army corps. One army corps is also organ- 

 ized in Algeria. Each of the eighteen army 

 corps consists of two divisions of infantry, one 

 brigade of cavalry, one brigade of artillery, 

 one battalion of engineers, one squadron of 

 the train, a general staff and the subordinate 

 staffs. By a law of March 16, 1880, the for- 

 mer general staff, which was a closed corps 

 consisting of 513 officers, has been dissolved, 

 and has been replaced by a new staff which is 

 accessible to all officers who, after completing 

 l'^'ool HIM 'S the course of studies in the ficole militaire de 



loii OO,IU-..'-l Oi)-,U>* s~~ , 1 .. 1 Al 1 . 1 1 / , j 



1873 86,260,923 821,238 0-89 Guerre, have obtained the brevet d'etat major 



1874 Ifi'-^ffi 303 'lo? on the ground of their final examination. In 



1876!" 86J05J88 29i$86 0'79 tnis examination, all captains may take part 

 1877!!!!!!'.!! 36J977',o9S 27s'o94 0-75 even if they have not visited the Ecole. More- 

 over, officers of the staff may receive the brevet 

 The receipts and expenditures in the gen- under special conditions fixed upon by the Min- 

 eral budget for 1880 were estimated as follows ister of War. The Minister of War selects 

 (value expressed in francs) : among the brevetted officers those who are to 



enter into the service of the general staff. In 



_. time of peace they remain in this service for 



Special teles assimilated to'diVecttaies! !!!!!! ' 28>87>oo four years, after which they return to their 



stamps and registration duties 643,666,700 former position. They can not be recalled to 



D r u t Ceoffore8t8 '!!-! 3??'SoS2 the general staff until two years later. While 



Indirect taies.' .'.'.'.'.'.'.".'.".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.".'.'.' l,06^86s|oOO serving in the general staff, their names remain 



p^-rftd^^r. I.:;::;;::;-::::::-:: 'ffiSK ntll ? liste of their own branch of the army, 



Three per cent, income-tax from personal prop- but they are kept there u hors cadre." The 



84,274,000 brevetted officers who are not called into the 



9^0 service of the general staff form a reserve. 



Revenue of Algeria 27.937,700 The new general staff consists of 300 officers 



* o **w- .. tei ^ * "? 1 



land-surveying commission has been established 



Total 2,749,716,800 in connection with the war depot, consisting 



of twelve officers. The French army, on a 

 peace footing, was in 1880 composed as fol- 



Public debt and dotations 1,197,725,498 { 



Ministry of Justice 34,448,942 1OWS 



of Foreign Affairs 14,036,800 



" of the Interior and Worship 138,986,218 ARMS. Men. Horses. 



" of Finance. ... 20,143,020 - 



of Posts and Telegraphs 1,440,560 Infantry (156 regiments, 641 battalions, 



" of War 575.1-29,017 2,575 companies) 281.601 2,C49 



" of the Navy and Colonies 194,990,353 Cavalry 68,617 59,028 



of Public Instruction and Fine Arts. .. 85,490,254 Artillery 66,831 82,6<iO 



of Agriculture and Commerce 36,505,826 Engineers 10,960 738 



" ofPublic Works 164,025,659 Train 9,392 7,6SO 



Cost of collecting the revenue 275,910,972 Staff 38,849 8,684 



Drawbacks and reimbursements 19,620,438 Gendarmes 27,014 13,667 



Total 2,792,293,679 Total.... 502,164 120,126 



The interest on the public debt, according 

 to the budget of 1880, was as follows: 



Consolidated debt . 745,957,546 



Capital that may be called in 819,320,338 



Dette viagere 132,447,619 



Total 1,197,725,498 



On January 1, 1873, the new army law of 

 July 27, 1872, went into operation. Its first 

 article enacts universal liability to military ser- 

 vice. Every Frenchman capable of bearing 

 arms must serve for twenty years, namely, five 



According to an estimate of the "Journal 

 des Sciences Militaires" for January, 1879, the 

 strength of the French army on a war footing 

 would be as follows : 



Infantry : 



817$ battalions of the active army 817.500 



449 battalions of the territorial army 449,000 



Total infantry 1,266,500 



Cavalry : 



892 squadrons of the active army 58,800 



79 squadrons of the territorial army 11,850 



Total cavalry. 



70.650 



; 



