322 GIFFORD, SANDFORD R. 



GLADSTONE, WILLIAM E. 



Duchess of Connaught, the Grand Dukes of Hes- 

 se and Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and a number of 

 distinguished foreign officers. The appearance of 

 the troops was a subject of general admiration. 



The birth of a son, on October 28th, to the 

 Duke of Cumberland, the claimant to the 

 throne of Hanover, caused great jubilation 

 among the Guelplis. The Duke of Brunswick 

 greatly displeased the Prussian Court by send- 

 ing a congratulatory telegram to the Guelphs in 

 the city of Hanover who celebrated the event. 



The split which had for sometime existed in 

 the National- Liberal party with regard to the 

 policy of Prince Bismarck, led in August to 

 the secession of a. considerable number of mem- 

 bers of the Imperial Parliament and Prussian 

 Diet from the ranks of the party. A declara- 

 tion to that effect was published at Berlin, on 

 August 30th, signed by twenty eight members 

 of the two Assemblies. The " Sacessionists," 

 as they were called, declare in their manifesto 

 their intention to uphold the political liberties 

 already achieved, and to adhere to the prin- 

 ciples of freedom of commerce and reform of 

 the imperial system of taxation, rejecting un- 

 necessary burdens and indirect taxes, especially 

 those which press heavily upon the poorer 

 classes. They also insist upon ecclesiastical 

 and religious freedom being guaranteed by in- 

 dependent state legislation, protecting the inal- 

 ienable rights of the state. Among those who 

 signed the manifesto were Herr von Forcken- 

 beck, formerly President of the Reichstag, Herr 

 Ton Stauffenberg, formerly first Vice-President 

 of the Reichstag, Dr. Bamberger and Herr 

 Rickert. At the close of the year the " Seces- 

 sionists " numbered thirty. Their political po- 

 sition is halt-way between the National-Liberal 

 and the Progressist parties. 



On October 15th Germany celebrated the 

 formal consecration and opening of the Cologne 

 Cathedral. The Emperor and Empress, the 

 Crown Prince and the Crown Princess, the 

 King of Saxony, and several other German 

 sovereigns were present on the occasion, but 

 all the leaders of the Catholic party remained 

 demonstratively abssnt. A petition of promi- 

 nent Catholics of the Rhenish provinces and 

 Westphalia, for the recall of the exiled Arch- 

 bishop of Cologne to his see on the occasion of 

 the cathedral festival, was not granted. 



GIFFORD, SANDFORD ROBINSON, N. A., 

 landscape painter, was born in Greenfield, Sar- 

 atoga County, New York, in 1823. His youth 

 was passed at Hudson, where his mind must 

 have been early imbued with those beautiful 

 combinations of river and sky which ho stud- 

 ied later to reproduce. He entered at Brown 

 University in 1842, but during his second year 

 he left college and went to New York to de- 

 vote himself to art. He studied under John 

 R. Smith, one of the best teachers and water- 

 color painters of that day. His canvases show 

 that he was a disciple of Cole. In 1851 he be- 

 came an Associate of the National Academy, 

 and in 1854 a member. In 1855 and 1856 he 



was abroad, and his careful study of the best 

 models produced a steady growth in his own 

 powers. The war interrupted his work. He 

 was a member of the Seventh Regiment, vol- 

 unteered with it, and shared its history in camp 

 and field. Some fine sketches of bivouac and 

 battle are reminiscences of this experience. 

 His first exhibition at the Academy of De- 

 sign was in 1847, " A Lake Scene on the 

 Catskills." His last were, in this year, u Ruins 

 of the Parthenon " and " Sunrise on the Mat- 

 terhorn " well worthy of his maturer fame. 

 He sent to the Paris Exposition (1867) " Home 

 in the Wilderness '' and " Twilight on Mount 

 Hunter." At the Centennial Exhibition, Phil- 

 adelphia, he was represented by "Lake Ge- 

 neva " ; " Pallanza " ; " Fishing-Boats in the 

 Adriatic' 1 ; " Sunrise on the Seashore "; "Ti- 

 voli," and a canvas glowing with golden tints, 

 41 San Giorgio, Venice,' 1 which was also shown 

 at the Paris Exposition of 1878, together with 

 "Mount Renier." In 1868. Mr. Gifford re- 

 turned to Europe. In 1870 he journeyed 

 through the Rocky Mountains. In the early 

 summer of 1880 he traveled to Lake Superior 

 in search of health, but the benefit was tem- 

 porary, and after his return to New York he 

 died, in the fiftj^-eighth year of his age. 



GLADSTONE,* WILLIAM EWAET, First Lord 

 of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Ex- 

 chequer in the new Liberal Cabinet formed in 

 1880, was born December 29, 1809. After 

 graduating at Oxford, where he took a double 

 first class, in 1881, he contested in the follow- 

 ing year Newark in the Conservative interest, 

 and sat for that borough until December, 1845. 

 He was onl^ twenty-five years of age when 

 Sir Robert Peel appointed him to a Junior 

 Lordship of the Treasury, and three months 

 later he became Under-Secretary for the Colo- 

 nies, retaining that post until his ministerial 

 leader went out of offica, in April, 1835. On 

 Sir Robert Peel returning to power in 1841, 

 Mr. Gladstone accepted the appointment of 

 Vice-President of the Council and Master of 

 the Mint. In 1843 he exchanged the former 

 office for the presidency of the Board of Trade 

 in succession to the Earl of Ripon. In 1845 

 he succeeded the late Earl of Derby in the Sec- 

 retaryship for the Colonies ; but shortly after 

 resigned the office and his seat, and remained 

 out of Parliament until the general election of 

 1847, when he was returned for the University 

 of Oxford. Finding himself opposed to his col- 

 leagues on the questions of university reform 

 and the removal of Jewish disabilities, Mr. 

 Gladstone in 1851 separated himself from the 

 body of the Conservative party, and at the gen- 

 eral election of that year succeeded in regain- 

 ing his seat only after a severe contest. In 

 December, 1852, he joined the "Coalition "Min- 

 istry of Lord Aberdeen as Chancellor of the 



* A sketch of Mr. Gladstone's political and literary life 

 was published in the " Annual Cyclopedia " for 1871. In 

 the following 1 lines we reproduce the leading events in the 

 political life of the new English Premier, and add an account 

 of his life since 1871. 





