GLADSTONE, WILLIAM E. 



GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 323 



Exchequer, which position he resigned in 1855, 

 soon after the reconstruction of the Cabinet 

 by Lord Palmerston. In the winter of 1858 

 -'59 he was employed on a special mission to 

 the Ionian Islands. In June, 1859, Mr. Glad- 

 stone resumed office under Lord Palmerston 

 as Chancellor of the Exchequer, and when 

 Lord Palmerston died he retained the chan- 

 cellorship under the late Earl Russell and also 

 assumed the leadership of the House of Com- 

 mons. At the general elections of 1865 Mr. 

 Gladstone was rejected by the University of 

 Oxford, but obtained a seat in South Lanca- 

 shire. In Jane, 1866, the Government being 

 defeated in committee on the Reform Bill, Mr. 

 Gladstone and his colleagues resigned. He 

 lost his seat in Lancashire at the general elec- 

 tion of 1868, but was returned for Greenwich 

 by a large majority, and, on the resignation of 

 Mr. Disraeli's Ministry, Mr. Gladstone succeed- 

 ed him as Premier. In 1873 the Government 

 sustained a serious defeat in the rejection of 

 the Irish University Education Bill, and Mr. 

 Gladstone tendered his resignation; but Mr. 

 Disraeli declining to take office, he was com- 

 missioned by the Queen to reconstruct the 

 Cabinet. Mr. Gladstone undertook the Chan- 

 cellorship of the Exchequer, in addition to 

 his office as First Lord of the Treasury, re- 

 taining the dual position until the adverse ver- 

 dict of the constituencies in 1874 caused the 

 resignation of the Ministry. Soon after his 

 retirement from office, Mr. Gladstone formally 

 announced, in a letter to Earl Granville, his 

 resignation of the leadership of the Liberal 

 party, which was transferred to the Marquis 

 of Ilartington. He devoted the leisure thus 

 gained to literature, and, by a number of 

 controversial essays and newspaper articles, 

 took an active part in the leading ques- 

 tions of the day. The pamphlets published 

 by him in 1874 and 1875, on the conflict 

 between the States of Europe and the Ro- 

 man Catholic Church ("The Vatican De- 

 crees in their Bearing on Civil Allegiance " ; 

 "Vaticanism, an Answer to Reproofs and Re- 

 plies," 1875 ; " Rome and the Newest Fashion 

 in Religion," 1875), were translated into sev- 

 eral foreign languages and found a wide cir- 

 culation. In 1876 he published his famous 

 pamphlet on " Bulgarian Horrors and the Ques- 

 tion of the East," which exerted a decisive in- 

 fluence upon public opinion in England. About 

 the same time he published a large work on 

 Homer, entitled " Homeric Synchronism ; an 

 Inquiry into the Time and Place of Homer" 

 (London, 1876). At the general election of 

 1880 he was returned both for the borough of 

 Leeds and for Edinburghshire. The former he 

 resigned in favor of his son Herbert, who was 

 elected in his stead. Mr. Gladstone married, in 

 1839, Catharine, eldest daughter of Sir Stephen 

 Glynne, Bart, of Hawarden Castle, Flintshire. 

 By the decease of the late Baronet that man- 

 sion and estate became the property of Mr. 

 Gladstone's eldest son. Several members of 



his family have also come forward in public 

 life. Mr. William Henry Gladstone, the eldest 

 son, was born in 1840, was elected member of 

 Parliament for Chester in 1865, for Whitby in 

 1868 and 1874, and for East Worcestershire in 

 1880. He was also a Lord of the Treasury 

 from 1869 to 1874. Mr. Herbert Gladstone, the 

 fourth son, was born in 1854. He is a lecturer 

 on history at Keble College, Oxford, and was 

 in 1880 appointed private secretary of his fa- 

 ther. He was also elected in the same year to 

 Parliament for the borough of Leeds. The 

 second son, the Rev. Stephen Edward Glad- 

 stone, is Rector of Hawarden, and a daughter 

 of Mr. Gladstone is wife of the Rev. E. C. 

 Wickham, Head Master of Wellington College. 

 Mr. Gladstone's oldest brother, Sir Thomas 

 Gladstone, Baronet, was Lord Lieutenant for 

 Kincardineshire, and member of Parliament 

 for Queensborough, 1830, Portarlington, 1832- 

 1835, Leicester, 1835-1837, and Ipswich, 1842. 



GRANVILLE, GRANVILLE GEORGE LEVESON 

 GOWER, second Earl, Secretary of State for 

 Foreign Affairs in the new English Cabinet, was 

 born in London May 15, 1815. He took his 

 degree at Oxford in 1834. He sat in the House 

 of Commons for Morpeth (1836 to 1838), and 

 also for Lichfield (1841 to 1846), previously to 

 succeeding, in 1846, his father, the first Earl 

 Granville, in the peerage. His official life 

 dates from 1840, when he accepted the ap- 

 pointment of Under-Secretary for Foreign Af- 

 fairs. From 1848 to 1851 he was Vice-Pre.si- 

 dent of the Board of Trade, and from 1851 to 

 1852 Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. 

 He has held various other official positions, 

 having in turn been Master of the Buckhounds, 

 Paymaster-General of the Forces, Chancellor 

 of the Duchy of Lancaster, and President of 

 the Council, which office he held in the two 

 Cabinets presided over by Lord Palmerston. 

 In 1868 he joined Mr. Gladstone's first Cabinet 

 as Colonial Secretary, relinquishing that posi- 

 tion in 1870 to succeed the Earl of Clarendon 

 as Secretary for Foreign Affairs. He was Vice- 

 President of the Royal Commission for the 

 Great Exhibition of 1851, and also chairman of 

 the Commission for the Exhibition of 1862. He 

 attended the coronation of the Emperor Alex- 

 ander II of Russia, as the representative of Eng- 

 land, in 1856. He is Chancellor of the Univer- 

 sity of London and Lord Warden of the Cinque 

 Ports. 



GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, a king- 

 dom of Western Europe. The Queen, Victoria, 

 was born May 24, 1819. She is a daughter of 

 Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, the fourth son 

 of George III ; succeeded her uncle, William 

 IV, in 1837 ; and married in 1840 Prince Albert 

 of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. 



Children of the Queen, 1. Princess Victo- 

 ria, born November 21, 1840 ; married in 1858 

 to the present Crown Prince of Germany. 2. 

 Prince Albert Edward, heir-apparent, born 

 November 9, 1841 ; married in 1863 to Prin- 

 cess Alexandra, daughter of King Christian IX 



