ITALY. 



407 



EXPENDITURES. 



According to the Provisional Budget for 

 1881, there would be a diminution of fourteen 

 millions of lire in income on account of the 

 abolition of the grist-tax, and, on the other 

 hand, an increase from various sources of thir- 

 ty-five millions. This would give a surplus of 

 twenty-one millions, but it was expected that 

 this would be reduced to seven by increased 

 expenditure. 



The public debt of Italy, which stood at 2,- 

 439,000,000 of lire (=$471,000,000) in 1860, the 

 year before the establishment of the kingdom, 

 had, in consequence of the ever-recurring de- 

 ficits of recent years, increased to 9,750,000,000 

 (=$1,872,000,000) at the end of 1878. The 

 following table shows the steady and rapid in- 

 crease of the public debt (value in lire) : 



The strength of the Italian army on Septem- 

 ber 30, 1878, was as follows: 



Infantry of the line 271,873 



Military districts 251,155 



Companiesof the Alps 13,853 



Bersaglieri 41,758 



Cavalry. 



Artillery 



Engineers 



Gendarmes (carbineers) 



Military schools 



Sanitary companies 



Veterans 



Stud depots 



32,066 



13,518 



18,813 



3,955 



4,203 



977 



217 



Disciplinary companies 1,800 



Penal institutions 2,112 



Officers in service 11,897 



Other officers 2,284 



1. Standing army 737,565 



2. Provincial militia 240,064 



3. Officers of reserve 2,736 



4. Territorial militia 564,300 



Total 1,544,665 



The navy was composed as follows in 1879 



The navy was manned, in 1879, by 11,200 

 sailors and 660 engineers and workingmen, 

 with 1,271 officers, the chief of them one ad- 

 miral, one vice-admiral, 10 rear-admirals, and 

 83 captains. 



A new ironclad, the Italia, which is the 

 biggest ironclad afloat, was launched on Sep- 

 tember 29th. Her dimensions are 122 metres 

 in length, 23 metres in breadth, and nearly 10 

 in depth. In December, the Chamber agreed to 

 the construction of two men-of-war of 10,000 

 tons displacement, at a cost of 15,000,000 lire. 



The movement of shipping in 1878 is exhib- 

 ited by the following table : 



The movement of special foreign trade from 1874 to 1879 was as follows : 



