410 



ITALY. 



JACKSON, CHARLES T. 



ta," which clamors for the annexation of large 

 portions of Austrian territory to Italy, for the 

 sole reason that the Italian language prevails in 

 those districts, is growing in power. The Re- 

 publicans are a unit in the support of this prin- 

 ciple. Garibaldi frequently takes occasion to 

 express his sympathy with it. All the other 

 parties more or less favor it. Minghetti, the 

 leader of the Right, expressed the opinion that, 

 if nothing was said about the plans of the party, 

 they would soon be forgotten ; but on many 

 sides this was construed as a mere pretext for 

 escaping interpellations on the subject. The 

 leading statesmen of the Left, as Depretis, 

 Crispi, and Cairoli, were obviously, and in some 

 cases avowedly, unwilling to oppose in any way 

 the progress of the annexationist party. Ac- 

 cordingly, the Austrian statesmen who had re- 

 garded the annexation of Venetia to Italy as 

 linal, became alarmed, and attempted in their 

 turn to scare the Italian statesmen by circulat- 

 ing reports that Austria, if unable to secure 

 the total suppression of the " Italia Irreden- 

 ta " party by the Italian Government, might 

 regard it necessary for strengthening its south- 

 ern frontier to reclaim Venetia. In November, 

 Signor Calvaletto urged the Government to 

 push forward vigorously the works for the de- 

 fense of Venice and the arrangements for forti- 

 fying the western frontier, considering it the 

 duty of Italy to be prepared for all eventualities. 

 After the attacks upon the foreign policy of 

 the Government had continued for several more 

 days, a vote was taken, on November 30th, on 

 the order of the day proposed by Signor Man- 

 cini, ex-Minister of Grace and Justice, to the 

 effect that "the Chamber, having heard the 

 declarations of the Ministry, and being desirous 

 of deciding upon the important reforms de- 

 manded by the necessities and the wishes of the 

 country, passes to the order of the day," and 

 gave a majority of 33 in favor of the Govern- 

 ment, 221 voting for the motion, 188 against it, 

 and five deputies abstaining. The Ministry, in 

 accepting Signor Mancini's motion, stated that 

 they understood it as signifying an explicit 

 vote of confidence. The members of the legit- 

 imate Opposition present were 120, that being 

 almost their full number ; the remaining 68 of 

 the adverse votes were given by Dissidents of 

 the Left, led by Signori Crispi and Nicotera. 

 Among those who abstained or voted against 



the Ministers were many who declared that 

 they would have voted in favor of Signor Cai- 

 roli's foreign policy, but they objected to the 

 direction given to internal affairs. 



On June 17th, Signor Crispi addressed a letter 

 to the President of the Chamber of Deputies, 

 resigning his seat in the House. Signor Nico- 

 tera moved that Signor Crispi should be asked 

 to withdraw his resignation ; and several depu- 

 ties, includingthe Minister, Signor Cairoli, spoke 

 in favor of the motion, and dwelt upon the ser- 

 vices rendered by the honorable member to the 

 country. Signor Nicotera's motion was unan- 

 imously approved. 



On November 15th, the resignations of Gari- 

 baldi and his son Menotti were formally an- 

 nounced. The House refused to accept them, 

 and granted the two deputies three months' 

 leave of absence. Menotti Garibaldi, how- 

 ever, informed the President of the Chamber, 

 in his own and in his father's name, that they 

 persisted in the resignation of their seats. Gen- 

 eral Garibaldi alleged as reason for his resig- 

 nation that Italy is misgoverned, and he advo- 

 cated the clamor for universal suffrage. 



The first Congress of Italian shipowners was 

 opened on October 31st, at Camogli, a town near 

 Genoa. All the maritime provinces were large- 

 ly represented. Many of the delegates made 

 speeches describing the decadence of the Italian 

 merchant navy, which they contrasted with 

 that of other nations, especially that of France. 

 They urged that the present state of things 

 ought no longer to be endured, and contended 

 that the matter should be brought before the 

 Government without delay, in order that some 

 remedy might be found. 



The Republican party in Italy is very active. 

 General Garibaldi, in 1880, expressed himself 

 on several occasions very strongly in favor of 

 republican principles. In reply to an address 

 from a large deputation of French residents of 

 Genoa, he said that Italian democracy was 

 united body and soul to republican France. In 

 November he unveiled the Mentana monument 

 in the presence of an immense crowd and amid 

 the utmost enthusiasm. He appeared very 

 feeble, having a worn and weary look, and was 

 propped up with cushions in his carriage. His 

 address was read by his son-in-law, General 

 Canzio. M. Rochefort made a speech which 

 was much applauded. 



JACKSON, Dr. CHARLES T., scientist, was 

 born at Plymouth, Massachusetts, June 21, 

 1805. Abraham Jackson, one of the early col- 

 onists of Plymouth, who married the daughter 

 of Nathaniel Morton, Secretary of Plymouth 

 Colony, and its well-known historian, was his 

 ancestor. On the maternal side, Dr. Jackson 

 was descended from the eminent Puritan divine, 

 John Cotton. He was prepared to enter Har- 



vard College, when the failure of his health 

 induced him to join a party of naturalists on a 

 pedestrian tour through New York and New 

 Jersey. This accidental association, probably, 

 gave a scientific bent to his mind. He took 

 his degree of M. D. at Harvard, in 1829. He 

 aided in a geological and mineralogical survey 

 of Nova Scotia, and prepared the map and rec- 

 ord in 1827-'29. In 1829 he went to Europe, 



