LITERATURE, BRITISH, IN 1880. 



467 



ray a critical rather than a creative epoch. 

 Science engenders the most vigorous and origi- 

 nal thought. Philology and criticism, aesthetic 

 and literary, are cultivated assiduously. The 

 >hilological study of the Bible is pursued by 

 English theologians with great zeal, incited by 

 16 example of Ewald and other German He- 

 braists, from whose bold and speculative con- 

 jlusions, however, the British Biblical scholars 

 ire beginning to recoil. 



As the result of these new, critical research- 

 es in the Hebrew and Greek Scriptures, an en- 

 tirely new theological literature is springing up. 

 The controversy with the scientific men about 

 the evolutionary theories is dying out, and 

 many theologians have become reconciled to 

 these hypotheses. Rev. T. K. Oheyne, one of 

 the most accomplished of English Hebraists, has 

 in progress a translation and exegesis of the 

 prophecies of Isaiah. The Rev. Dr. Cunning- 

 ham Geikie's " Hours with the Bible " (New 

 York, Pott) is a work containing the knowledge 

 which modern research and orthodox criticism 

 afford for the elucidation of the earlier books 

 of the Bible. " The Speaker's Commentary," 

 edited by Canon F. C. Cook (New York, 

 Scribners), gives in convenient shape the re- 

 sults of orthodox philological criticism of the 

 Bible. Canon Farrar's " Life and Works of 

 St. Paul" (New York, Button) is the com- 

 pletest and most real presentment which has 

 yet been given of the personal character and 

 religious mission of the great apostle, and of all 

 that is known of his life and the scenes in which 

 it was passed. " Christian Institutions " is a 

 series of connected essays by Dean Stanley 

 upon the sacraments, rites, creeds, clergy, and 

 other ecclesiastical subjects, being a kind of 

 antiquarian and historical inquiry into the 

 origin of the leading features of the English 

 Church (New York, Scribners). P. Le Page 

 Renouf, in "The Origin and Growth of Relig- 

 ion, as illustrated by the Religion of Ancient 

 Egypt " (New York, Scribners), follows the 

 new synthetic and comparative method of 

 tracing the development of civilization. " The 

 Metaphysics of the School " is an elucidation 

 and defense of the scholastic philosophy, by 

 Thomas Harper, S. J., of which the first vol- 

 ume has appeared (London, Macmillans). The 

 " Manliness of Christ " is a series of lectures by 

 Thomas Hughes, intended to convey his ideas of 

 a stalwart Christian character (Boston, Hough- 

 ton). Dr. Caird's temperate and liberal "Intro- 

 duction to the Philosophy of Religion " is a wel- 

 come contribution to the controversy between 

 scientists and theologians (New York, Macmil- 

 lan). " The Manifold Witness for Christ," 

 Boyle Lectures, by Alfred Barry, D. D., is a 

 dignified and able defense of Christianity. " The 

 Foundations of Faith " contains the Bampton 

 Lectures of Henry Wace on the same subject. 

 The " Dictionary of Christian Antiquities," 

 edited by Dr. William Smith and Samuel Cheet- 

 iiam (London, Murray), is made up of inter- 

 esting and erudite articles on all subjects in 



ecclesiastical archaeology, by eminent scholars. 

 Paul Isaac Hershon has placed before English 

 readers a great number of sample extracts from 

 the Talmud, in a " Talraudic Miscellany," se- 

 lecting especially those passages which throw 

 light upon the Bible. 



u Unconscious Memory," by Samuel Butler, 

 is an able critical examination of some of the 

 mooted philosophical questions, marred, how- 

 ever, by bitter attacks upon other thinkers 

 (London, Bogue). u Studies in Deductive 

 Logic " is a manual by Professor W. Stanley 

 Jevons. 



The first clear and comprehensive account of 

 Spinoza and his system of philosophy which 

 has been given in English, is presented in Fred- 

 erick Pollock's "Spinoza, his Life and Phi- 

 losophy " (London, Kegan Paul). " Wish and 

 Will " is a thoughtful and original work on psy- 

 chology by George Lyon Turner (London, 

 Longmans). "The Story of Philosophy," by 

 Aston Leigh (London, Triibner), is intended to 

 awaken a popular interest in philosophy, and 

 is a most entertaining account of the Greek phi- 

 losophers. 



Among a large number of learned treatises 

 on Oriental philology and religion, those enu- 

 merated below are the most important. "Chi- 

 nese Buddhism " is a volume of critical and 

 historical papers by the Rev. Dr. Joseph Ed- 

 kins, who has made use of Chinese sources. 

 "The Religions of China" contains a critical 

 examination of Confucianism and Taoism com- 

 pared with Christianity, by James Legge, Pro- 

 fessor of Chinese at Oxford. The continua- 

 tion of the translation of " The Sacred Books 

 of the East," under the editorship of Max Mul- 

 ler, includes the first part of the "Zend-Avesta " 

 (the Vendidad), translated by James Darmeste- 

 ter in Vol. IV ; the " Pahlavi Texts," translated 

 by E. W. West, Vol. V ; and the " Institutes 

 of Vishnu," translated by Julius Jolly, Vol. VII 

 (Oxford, Clarendon Press). " Cradle Land of 

 Arts and Creeds," by Charles J. Stone, attempts 

 to trace the Christian religious doctrines to In- 

 dian originals. Robert Needham Cust, the 

 author of "Linguistic and Oriental Essays," is 

 filled with a strong affection and respect for 

 the Indian race, and discusses with great intel- 

 lectual grasp and courage the religious and po- 

 litical questions and the historical problems 

 which relate to the Indians and the future of In- 

 dia (London, Triibner). " India, Past and Pres- 

 ent," by Shoshee Chunder Dutt (London, 

 Chatto & Windus), consists of a number of 

 ably and lucidly written essays on Indian sub- 

 jects by a Hindoo who is versed in the thought 

 and literature of his own race, but is more 

 thoroughly imbued with European culture. 



The extraordinary development of natural 

 science which received its first impetus in Eng- 

 land, is still going on without any sign of ces- 

 sation. An unusual number of important origi- 

 nal works have appeared in 1880, the chief 

 of which have been reprinted in the United 

 States. Professor Huxley's " Crayfish " (New 



