OBITUARIES, FOREIGN". 



599 



index of the entire work. He did not publish 

 anything of importance during the last eighteen 

 years of his life. 



CIIASLES, MICHEL, a French mathematician, 

 born at Epernon, November 15, 1793 ; died at 

 Paris, December 19, 1880. He was a pupil of 

 the Polytechnic School, and in 1841 was ap- 

 pointed Professor of Astronomy and Mechan- 

 ics in the same institution. Subsequently a pro- 

 fessorship of Higher Mathematics was spe- 

 cially established for him by the Faculty of 

 Sciences. He was regarded as one of the best 

 analysts and geometricians of his age, and 

 his principal works were translated into Ger- 

 man and other languages. He was the victim 

 of a very remarkable literary fraud,* having 

 purchased from M. Irene Lucas a very large 

 number of forged autograph letters of distin- 

 guished persons. 



CRAWFORD and BALCARRES, ALEXANDER WIL- 

 LIAM CRAWFORD LINDSAY, Earl of, eldest son of 

 James Crawford, the twenty-fourth Earl of 

 Crawford and ninth Earl of Balcarres, was born 

 October 16, 1812; died December 16, 1880. He 

 succeeded to the earldom in 1869, up to which 

 time he had borne the title of Lord Lindsay. He 

 wrote works on the Church of England, on his 

 travels in the East, and on Etruscan inscrip- 

 tions, and in 1874 sent at his own expense an 

 expedition to Mauritius to observe the transit 

 of Venus. 



DIGBY, KENELM HENRY, an English author, 

 was born in 1800; died, March 22, 1880. He 

 was the youngest son of the Very Rev. "W. 

 Digby, Dean of Clonfert, who belonged to the 

 Irish branch of Lord Digby's family. Gradu- 

 ating at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1823, 

 he some time afterward joined the Roman 

 Catholic Church. He wrote a number of the- 

 ological and archaeological works, the last of 

 which appeared in 1876 under the title of " The 

 Epilogue to Previous Works in Prose and 

 Verse." A son of Mr. Digby, Mr. Kenelm 

 Thomas Digby, represented Queen's County in 

 the House of Commons from 1868 to 1880, but 

 was defeated at the election in 1880. 



FLAUBERT, GUSTAVE, a French novelist, born 

 in Rouen, in 1821 ; died at Croisset, near Rouen, 

 May 8, 1880. He has sometimes been called 

 the father of the realistic or naturalistic school, 

 of which M. Zola is now the most celebrated 

 representative. His first novel, " Madame de 

 Bovar-y" (2 volumes, Paris, 1857), led to legal 

 proceedings against him for immorality. The 

 historical novel, Salamnobo, which treats of life 

 in ancient Carthage (1862), is considered his 

 most important work. The next novel, " L'Ed- 

 ucation Sentimentale " (1869), did not meet 

 with a favorable reception, but a fairy-play, 

 written in the same year, "Le Chateau des 

 Coaurs," met with a great success. His last great 

 work, "Tentationde Saint- Antoine " (1874), 

 was praised by many French critics as one of the 

 master- works of French literature, but it found 



* For a full account of this fraud, see "American Cyclo- 

 paedia," article CHASLES. 



only a small number of readers. Only a few 

 weeks before his death he completed " Bou- 

 vard et Pecuchet" (1880), which has been 

 styled a kind of cyclopedia of human folly. 



FORTUNE, ROBERT, a Scottish botanist, born 

 in Berwickshire, in 1813; died April 13, 1880. 

 He became a horticulturist in the Botanical 

 Gardens of Edinburgh, and, after acquiring a 

 competent knowledge of botany by his own 

 efforts, he was sent in 1842 as Commissioner 

 of the Horticultural Society of London, to 

 northern China ; and on his return published 

 a work, which was highly valued. In 1848 he 

 was employed by the East India Tea Company 

 to make investigations respecting the acclima- 

 tization of the tea-plant in India, and in 1857 

 by the United States Patent-Office to collect in 

 China the seeds of the tea-shrub. He was a 

 frequent contributor on botanical, geographi- 

 cal, and scientific subjects, to the ' Athenaeum " 

 and other English periodicals. 



FOURNIER, EDOUARD, a French author, born 

 in Orleans, June 15, 1819; died in Paris, May 

 10, 1880. He early devoted himself to jour- 

 nalism and to writing for the theatre. His 

 first dramatic work was published in 1851 ; his - 

 last, u Guttenberg," in 1865. Among journal- 

 ists he was especially known as the dramatic 

 critic of the "Patrie." With great persever- 

 ance he also pursued historical studies, among 

 the fruits of which were a " History of Inven- 

 tions," a " History of Hotels," a u History of 

 the Art of Printing and of Libraries," and a 

 " History of Bookbinding in France during the 

 Past Centuries." 



GALIMART, NICOLAS AUGUSTE, a French 

 painter, born in Paris, March 25, 1813; died 

 in Paris, January 19, 1880. A pupil of Ingres, 

 he chose by preference sober and Scriptural 

 themes, and for many years his name was 

 never absent from the catalogue of the Salon. 

 He also wrote on subjects connected with the 

 fine arts. 



GRAMONT, ANTOINE AGENOR ALFRED, Duke 

 de, a French statesman, born in Paris, August 

 14, 1819; died January 16, 1880. After re- 

 ceiving an education at the Polytechnic School, 

 he was sent in 1840 as Minister Plenipotentiary 

 to Cassel. Subsequently he held similar posts * 

 at Stuttgart, Turin, Rome, and Vienna. From 

 the latter city he was recalled in 1870, to be 

 Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Ollivier 

 Cabinet. He showed in this position a spirit 

 of hostility to Prussia, and appeared to be 

 anxious to bring on the war, which soon broke 

 out, and ended so fatally for France. Though 

 very popular at the time of his appointment, 

 he soon fell from power when the French 

 army suffered the first terrible disasters. Since 

 the war the Duke had been almost forgotten. 

 Under the pseudonym of " Andreas Memor," 

 he published in the latter years of his life a 

 series of articles in the " Revue de France," 

 which attracted great attention. 



GRANIER DE CASSAGNAO, ADOLPHE BERNARD, 

 a French journalist and politician, born at 



