OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. 



601 



bora at Breslau, February 15, 1808 ; died June 

 6, 1880. His reputation as a great painter was 

 fully established by his first picture, " Church- 

 yard with Gravestones and Ruins" (1825). 

 For a year or two he devoted himself to land- 

 scape ; then he established himself at Diissel- 

 dorf, and came to be looked upon as the promi- 

 nent pupil of the Diisseldorf school, of which 

 Schadow was the master. Though for a time 

 he sympathized with the sentimental roman- 

 ticism of that school, he subsequently severed 

 himself from the Catholic tendencies of Scha- 

 dow, Veit, and other masters. This became es- 

 pecially apparent in a cyclus of pictures rep- 

 resenting the history of Huss (" Huss before 

 the Council of Constance," "The Seizure of 

 Pope Paschal II, " " The Martyrdom of Huss "), 

 which gave him a world-wide celebration. In 

 1853 he painted the " Burning of the Papal 

 Bull against Luther," which was purchased in 

 New York. In 1858 he was appointed by the 

 Grand Duke of Baden director of the gallery of 

 paintings at Carlsruhe, which position he re- 

 tained until his death. Since 1866 he was en- 

 gaged on a large picture representing the dis- 

 putation between Luther and Eck, but painted 

 also a number of landscapes and portraits. 



LIGNE, EUGENE, AMIRAL, PRINCE DE, a Bel- 

 gian statesman, born January 23, 1804; died 

 in June, 1880. In 1830 he was proposed as a 

 suitable candidate for the new throne of Bel- 

 gium, but he preferred to keep aloof from the 

 national struggle. He subsequently accepted, 

 however, the office of Belgian ambassador at 

 several foreign courts. In 1851 he was elect- 

 ed President of the Belgian Senate, and in 

 1863 a Minister of State, positions which he 

 continued to hold until his death. 



MECIII, JOHN JOSEPH, a British agricultur- 

 ist, born in London May 22, 1802 ; died in 

 London December 26, 1880. His father was 

 a native of Italy, but became a naturalized 

 British subject, and was employed in the house- 

 hold of George III. The agricultural reform 

 which he introduced on his farm at Tiptree 

 Heath, Essex, and which he described in sev- 

 eral works, attracted great attention. He was 

 Sheriff of London, 1855-'56, Alderman, 1857- 

 '65, a magistrate of Middlesex, a juror in the 

 International Exhibition, of London and Paris, 

 and a member of the Council of the Society of 

 Arts. Shortly before his death his bankruptcy 

 was announced. 



MULDER, GERARDUS JOHANNES, a Dutch 

 chemist, born December 27, 1802; died in 

 April, 1880. He was from 1840 to 1868 Pro- 

 fessor of Chemistry at Utrecht, and attracted 

 great attention by asserting the existence in 

 animals of a substance which he called " Pro- 

 teine," and which according to his theory an- 

 imals derive ready formed from plants. His 

 theory involved him in a violent controversy 

 with Liebig. He was for more than forty 

 years adviser of the Colonial Ministry of the 

 Netherlands, which position he retahied seven 

 years longer than his chair at the university, 



until he became entirely blind. His last work, 

 dictated after he had become blind, was a 

 "Testimony in Behalf of Higher Instruction" 

 (2 vols., 1876). 



MUSSET, PAUL EDME DE, a French author, 

 born at Paris, November 7, 1804; died May 

 19, 1880. He was the eldest brother of the 

 celebrated Alfred de Musset, and wrote a num- 

 ber of novels and two plays. He was a regu- 

 lar contributor to the " National," and the 

 " Revue des Deux Mondes." His best-known 

 work is "Femmes de la Regence " (1841). 



NITZSCH, KARL WILHELM, a German histo- 

 rian, born December 22, 1818; died June 20, 

 1880. He was in succession Professor of His- 

 tory at the Universities of Kiel, Konigsberg, 

 and, since 1872, at Berlin. He was the author 

 of a number of special works on topics of Gre- 

 cian and Roman history. 



OFFENBACH, JACQUES, a French composer, 

 born at Cologne, June 21, 1819 ; died at Paris 

 October 5, 1880. His parents were German 

 Jews, but when sixteen years old he was en- 

 tered at the Paris Conservatory, which was 

 then under the direction of Cherubini, and 

 after that his entire life was spent in Paris. 

 In 1870, at the time of the Franco-German 

 War, efforts were made to prejudice the Paris- 

 ians against him as a Prussian, but he stoutly 

 denied the charge of disloyalty, and published 

 a declaration that, in spite of his birthplace, 

 he was heart and soul a Frenchman. As a 

 student at the Paris Conservatory he acquired 

 a degree of proficiency iu playing the violon- 

 cello, sufficient to warrant his seeking and se- 

 curing a place in the orchestra of the Theatre 

 Francais, of which he ultimately became the 

 leader. His music to La Fontaine's " Fables " 

 made him very popular, and his publisher en- 

 couraged him by liberal payments to direct his 

 talent for composing bright and taking melo- 

 dies, even if trivial in an artistic sense, to the 

 embellishment of light comedies and vaude- 

 villes. In 1855 he accepted the management 

 of the Bouffes Parisiens, and in 1873 he be- 

 came director of the Gaite Theatre. Offen- 

 bach's career as manager and composer was 

 eminently successful both in regard to the popu- 

 lar and the financial success which he achieved. 

 Many of his compositions, as " Belle Helene " 

 (1864), " Barbe-bleue" (1866), "La Grande 

 Duchesse" (1867), "LaPerichole " and "Gene- 

 vieve de Brabant " (1868), " Les Brigands " and 

 " La Princesse de Trebizonde " (1869), " La Jo- 

 lie Parfumeuse " (1873), and " Madame L'Ar- 

 chiduc " (1874), obtained a world-wide celeb- 

 rity. Offenbach confined himself almost en- 

 tirely to the limits of the louffe stage ; several 

 efforts to compose a more serious style of mu- 

 sic failed. In 1876 he came to the United 

 States, and conducted the series of concerts 

 with which Gilmore's garden in this city was 

 opened. He published an amusing account of 

 this journey under the title "Offenbach en 

 Amerique." He returned to Paris late in the 

 season very much broken in health, and re- 



