OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. 



1867. He was out of sympathy with the Ultra- 

 Liberal party, now in power, but continued to 

 represent Florence in the Italian Parliament 

 until his death. 



RUGE, ARNOLD, a German author and phi- 

 losopher, born at Bergen, on the island of 

 Riigen, September 13, 1803; died December 

 31, 1880. At an early age he became a leader 

 of German radicalism in politics, and of a new 

 radical school of Hegelianism in philosophy. 

 He was in succession editor of the " Hallische 

 Jahrbticher," " Deutsche Jahrbucher," and 

 "Deutsch-franzosische Jahrbucher." In the 

 first German Parliament of Frankfort he was 

 the leader of the extreme Left. Being com- 

 pelled, in consequence of his revolutionary 

 activity, to leave Germany, and subsequently 

 France, he formed in London, conjointly with 

 Ledru-Rollin, Mazzini, Daracz, and Bratiano, 

 the "European Democratic Committee," from 

 which he, however, soon withdrew. Since 

 1850 he resided in Brighton, as " visiting tutor" 

 of several schools. The movements in 1866 

 and 1870 toward a union of the German states 

 met with his warmest sympathy, and the Ger- 

 man Government therefore gave him, in 1878, 

 an annuity of three thousand marks. 



STRATFORD DE REDOLIFFE, Viscount, better 

 known as Sir Stratford Canning, born Janu- 

 ary 6, 1788 ; died in August, 1880. He was the 

 son of Mr. Stratford- Canning, a merchant of 

 London, and received his education at Eton 

 and at the University of Cambridge. In 1807, 

 while still an undergraduate, he obtained an 

 appointment as junior writer in the Foreign 

 Office through the interest of his cousin, George 

 Canning, who was then Secretary of State for 

 Foreign Affairs in the Duke of Portland's Ad- 

 ministration. For the light duty of copying 

 the dockets of dispatches sent to and received 

 from foreign courts into a register for the na- 

 tional archives, he received a salary of about 

 $1,500 a year. In 1808 he was appointed 

 secretary to the special mission of Mr. (after- 

 ward Sir Robert) Adair to Constantinople, 

 when the latter was sent to negotiate terms of 

 peace between England and the Porte. In 

 April, 1809, he was named secretary of the em- 

 bassy at Constantinople, and on July 12, 1810 

 being then but twenty-two years of age he 

 became Minister Plenipotentiary. In 1812 he 

 resigned the mission at Constantinople, to go 

 back to college to complete his education, tak- 

 ing the degree of M. A. in 1813. He was or- 

 dered to attend the Congress of Vienna in 

 1814-'15, and at the same time accepted the 

 duties of Minister to Berne. In 1820, Lord 

 Castlereagh sent him as Minister to the United 

 States to settle the question of the Northwest 

 boundary. In this mission he was not suc- 

 cessful, for the British Government declined to 

 ratify the engagements he had made. In 1824, 

 George Canning, who had once more become 

 the director of the foreign policy of England, 

 sent him on a special mission to Russia respect- 

 ing Greece, and for the regulation of a bounda- 



ry line between British and Russian America. 

 Some slight abruptness of manner on his part 

 offended the Grand Duke Nicholas, who subse- 

 quently became Emperor, and never forgot the 

 slight he had received. A few years InU-r, 

 when Emperor, he refused to receive Sratford 

 Canning as ambassador to his court, and the 

 latter, during his long stay at Constantinople, 

 remained a violent opponent of the Rn ian 

 policy. In 1825 he was appointed by George 

 Canning ambassador at Constantinople, where 

 he attained to a position of unrivaled authority 

 and prestige. When he did not succeed in 

 obtaining from Sultan Mahmoud the conces- 

 sions in behalf of the Greeks which he de- 

 manded, he went to England on leave, to be 

 present during the conferences of London. He 

 returned to his post in 1827, but when, after 

 the battle of Navarino, diplomatic relations 

 with Turkey were broken off, lie again came 

 to England and received the Grand Cross of 

 the Bath in acknowledgment of his services. 

 In 1830 he resigned the embassy at Constan- 

 tinople, retiring again on a pension, and was 

 elected a member of the House of Commons. 

 In the next year he accepted from Lord Palm- 

 erston a special embassy to Constantinople 

 to settle a dispute relating to the Greek fron- 

 tier. In 1831 he was sent on a special mission 

 to Spain and Portugal. The next few years he 

 passed in comparative retirement, though he 

 sat in the reformed Parliament for King's 

 Lynn. On the second advent of Sir Robert 

 Peel to power in 1841, the new Foreign Secre- 

 tary, Lord Aberdeen, sent him back to his old 

 post in Constantinople, where he was to re- 

 main for seventeen years, and through four 

 changes of Ministry a circumstance which 

 greatly added to his ascendancy over the Sul- 

 tan's advisers. He was the steadfast friend of 

 Reshid Pasha and the supporter of all his re- 

 forms, and uniformly exercised his influence 

 to improve the condition of the Christian pop- 

 ulation of Turkey. He returned to England 

 in the early part of 1858. He had previously 

 (1852) been raised to the peerage, by the title 

 of Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe, and, after 

 he took his seat in the House of Lords, he 

 actively participated in the debates on ques- 

 tions of foreign policy. He was created Knight 

 of the Garter, December 11, 1869. During the 

 Russo-Turkish conflict from 1875 to 1878, he 

 gave, in letters to the London " Times," several 

 interesting contributions for a solution of the 

 Eastern Question. A collection of poems, en- 

 titled u Shadows of the Past," reflecting upon 

 the events of more than half a century, was 

 published by him in 1865, and a summary of 

 the evidences of Christianity, under the title of 

 " Why I am a Christian," in 1873. 



TAYLOR, TOM, an English author, born in 

 Sunderland, in 1817; died July 12, 1880. He 

 received his education at the Universities of 

 Glasgow and Cambridge. He then went to 

 London, where he was called to the bar, and 

 was for two years Professor of English Lan- 



