626 



PERU. 



POLAR REGION. 



pero. The Chilians, instead of attacking in 

 front, as had been expected, hurled their whole 

 force on the left wing, which was repeatedly 

 reenforced from the reserves under Montero's 

 command. But no reserves could avail against 

 the impetuous attack of an enemy of superior 

 strength and flushed with former successes. 

 Camacho was killed in this disastrous fight, and 

 it was now seen that Arica must fall, as it did 

 early in June, after a desperate struggle against 

 the united efforts of the Chilian land and sea 

 forces. Meanwhile the Chilian squadron, after 

 destroying Mollendo, blockaded Callao and the 

 other Peruvian ports southward, and prepared 

 for the bombardment of Callao, and an expedi- 

 tion under the command of Baguedano to in- 

 vest the Peruvian capital itself. Ever since 

 the wreck of the Independencia and the subse- 

 quent capture of the Huascar, under circum- 

 stances so honorable to the courage of both 

 contestants, the fortunes of war seemed to have 

 become steadily adverse to the Peruvian arms. 

 By the good offices of the United States Govern- 

 ment, endeavors had been made to bring the 

 war to a termination, but the conditions of 

 peace presented by the Chilian Plenipotentiary 

 to those of Peru and Bolivia on October 22, 

 1881. were rejected by the latter. These con- 

 ditions were as follows : 



1. Cession to Chili of the Peruvian and Bo- 

 livian territories extending south of the Que- 

 brada de Camarones and east of the line 

 which, in the Cordillera of the Andes, sepa- 

 rates Peru from Bolivia as far as the Quebrada 

 de la Chacarilla, and to the west also of a line 

 stretching from this point to the Argentine 

 frontier, passing through the center of the lake 

 Ascotan. 



2. Payment to Chili by Peru and Bolivia, in 

 coin, of the sum of $20,000,000, of which 

 amount $4,000,000 to be paid forthwith. 



3. Restitution of the property of which Chi- 

 lian enterprises and individual citizens have 

 been divested by Peru and Bolivia. 



4. Restoration of the transport Rimac. 



5. Abrogation of the secret treaty entered 

 into between Peru and Bolivia in the year 

 1873, at the same time remaining without 

 value or effect whatsoever the steps taken 

 with the object of establishing a confedera- 

 tion between the two nations. 



6. Retention by Chili of the territories of 

 Moquegua, Tacna, and Arica, occupied by the 

 Chilian forces, until such time as the preced- 

 ing conditions shall have been fulfilled. 



7. Peru to be under obligation not to fortify 

 the port of Arica when handed over to her, nor 

 at any period, and to undertake that it will sub- 

 sequently be a commercial port exclusively. 



At the end of 1880, then, Peru had, with 

 the exception of her capital and a few minor 

 towns, lost everything but her courage, and 

 the obstinate determination not to surrender 

 or give up the struggle until utterly incapaci- 

 tated to continue it. (See articles BOLIVIA and 

 CHILI in this volume.) 



PLUMER, WILLIAM SWAX, was born in Dar- 

 lington, Pennsylvania, July 25, 1802 ; died Oc- 

 tober 22, 1880, in the seventy-ninth year of his 

 age. He was a graduate of Washington College, 

 Virginia, in 1825 ; studied theology at Prince- 

 ton, New Jersey; was licensed to preach in 

 1826, and, a year later, organized the Presby- 

 terian Church in Danville, Virginia. He after- 

 ward removed to Warrenton, North Carolina, 

 where he also organized a church, and later 

 he preached in Raleigh, Washington, and New- 

 bern, North Carolina. In 1834 he became pas- 

 tor in Richmond, and in 1847 in Baltimore. 

 In 1837 he founded "The Watchman of the 

 South," which he edited for eight years. In 

 1854 he became professor in the Western The- 

 ological Seminary at Allegheny City, Pennsyl- 

 vania, and from there he went to the seminary 

 at Columbia, where he remained until a short 

 time before his death, which took place at the 

 Union Protestant Infirmary, in Baltimore. Dr. 

 Plumer was the author of voluminous works, 

 some of which became standard among students 

 of the evangelical denominations. His ances- 

 tors were among the first settlers of Newbury- 

 port, Massachusetts. 



POLAR REGION. The well-known statis- 

 tical periodical, "Die Bevolkerung der Erde," 

 edited by Behm and Wagner, gives in vol. vi 

 (Gotha, 1880) an estimate of the extent of all 

 the polar regions, inclusive of all the recent 

 discoveries. It gives the following tables : 



I. NORTH POLAR TERRITORIES. 



Arctic America is subdivided as follows : 



1. Southern Group : Area in sq. kilometres. 

 (1). Baffin Land as far as Lancaster Sound, with 



Coekburn Island, about 606,000 



Resolution Island 2,530 



Islands of the Hudson Strait 2,640 



(2). North Somerset 24,680 



Prince of Wales Island 35;800 



Russell Island 825 



(3). King William Land 15,150 



Adjacent islets 1,100 



(4). Wollaston, Victoria, and Prince Albert Land 198,000 



Banks Land 63,200 



Total Southern Group 954,900 



2. Northern Group (Parry Archipelago) : 



(1). Prince Patrick Island 



Esmeralda Island 



Eglinton Island 



(2). Melville Island 



Byam Martin 



(3). Bathurst Island 



Berkeley Group, north of the preceding 



Lowther Island 



(4). Cornwallis Island 



Islands in Queens Canal, north of the preced- 

 ing 



770 



