ROUMANIA. 



G59 



the abbey at Montserrat in Spain celebrating on 

 the same month its millennial. 



Pilgrimages took place in various parts; and 

 Knock, in Ireland, in consequence of apparitions 

 said to have occurred there, became a resort 

 visited by pious gatherings from all parts of 

 Ireland and England, and even from the United 

 States. 



In Belgium a school law hostile to religious 

 influence led to a rupture between that king- 

 dom and Kome, the Belgian Minister to the 

 Holy See closing his embassy on the 6th of 

 July. Pope Leo XIII, on the 27th, addressed 

 a letter to Cardinal Dechamps on the subject, 

 and on the 20th of the following month he re- 

 viewed the whole subject in an allocution to 

 the Cardinal. 



The United States of Colombia in June passed 

 a law recalling from banishment Bishop Ber- 

 mudez, of Popayan ; Bishop Restrepo, of Pasto ; 

 Bishop Gonzalez, of Antioquia ; Bishop Mon- 

 toya, of Medelliu ; and Bishop Carra, of Pam- 

 plona, who had been driven into exile. 



No promotion of cardinals occurred during 

 the year, except that of Anthony Hassun, Pa- 

 triarch of Cilicia, of the Armenians, who was 

 created cardinal in December, the only mem- 

 ber of the Sacred College representing any of 

 the Oriental rites. Cardinal Pie, Bishop of 

 Poitiers, died May 17, 1880 ; Cardinal F. X. 

 Apuzzo, Archbishop of Capua, July 30th ; Car- 

 dinal Pacca, October 14th. 



Among other eminent Catholics who died 

 during the year were the Dominican prior, 

 Very Rev. Joseph Mulledy, an archa3ologist, 

 author of "St. Clement and his Basilica in 

 Rome " (June 25th) ; Mgr. G. Martigny, author 

 of the " Dictionnaire des Antiquity's Chretien- 

 nes " (August 18th) ; and the Countess Clotilda 

 von Bocholtz, foundress of a diocesan seminary 

 at Paderborn, Germany (August 29th). 



ROUMANIA, a kingdom in Southeastern 

 Europe. Reigning King, Charles I, born April 

 20th, 1839 ; accepted his election as Prince of 

 Roumania May 10, 1866; was proclaimed King 

 by the Parliament of Roumania on March 26, 

 1881. 



The area of Roumania is estimated at 129,- 

 947 square kilometres, and the population at 

 5,376,000. The largest cities are Bucharest, 

 with 177,646 inhabitants; Jassy, with 90,000; 

 and Galaoz, with 80,000. 



The revenue for the financial year 1879 

 amounted to 114,228,041 lei (1 lei = 1 franc = 

 19-3 cents); the expenditure to 114,340,586 lei. 

 The public debt, on January 1, 1880, was 

 597,964,953 lei. 



The effective force of the territorial army in 

 1879 was 22,463 infantry, and 12,184 cavalry 

 with 12,192 horses. The navy consists as yet 

 of only four steamers and six gunboats, and 

 has thirty officers and five hundred men. 



The imports were valued in 1879 at 254,- 

 483,000 lei; the exports at 238,650,000 lei. 

 The number of vessels entering the ports of the 

 Danube in 1879 was 22,349, with 3,929,032 



tons; the number of vessels cleared 21,913, 

 with 3,904,369 tons. In September, 1880, then: 

 were 1,098 kilometres of state railroads and 

 223 kilometres of private roads in operation, 

 exclusive of one road in the Dobrudja of 63 

 kilometres. The aggregate length of the tele- 

 graph lines was 5,238 kilometres, of the wires 

 8,323 kilometres; the number of dispatches 

 sent, 879,138. The postal establishment car- 

 ried 5,150,848 private letters, 1,103,544 official 

 letters, 531,548 registered letters, 697,210 

 postal-cards. The number of offices was 233; 

 the revenue, 3,637,784 francs. 



The attention of the Cabinet and the Cham- 

 bers was chiefly directed to measures of inter- 

 nal administration, and to the enlargement and 

 improvement of commercial facilities. The in- 

 dependence of the nation was recognized at the 

 beginning of February by the Government of 

 the Netherlands. On the 7th of February the 

 A ustro-Hungarian Government addressed a note 

 to England, France, and Germany, inviting these 

 Governments, in view of the intrigues of the 

 Roumanian Cabinet to press forward the eman- 

 cipation of the Jews, formally to acknowledge 

 the independence of the principality. On the 

 20th of February a joint note acknowledging 

 the independence of Roumania was presented 

 to the Government by the representatives of 

 the three powers named. The announcement 

 of the fact was received in the Chambers with 

 so much applause that the sittings had to be 

 temporarily suspended. Immediately after the 

 note was presented, Mr. W. A. White, the Brit- 

 ish Consul-General, submitted his credentials 

 as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipo- 

 tentiary to the Roumanian Government. 



The relations between Roumania and Bul- 

 garia came to a rupture in May, when Mr. 

 Stourdza, the Roumanian representative to Bul- 

 garia, was recalled, on the ground that he had 

 been treated discourteously, and that the Bul- 

 garian Government had insinuated that Rou- 

 mania was secretly supporting insurrection in 

 Bulgaria. This act was followed by the recall 

 of the Bulgarian agent, Mr. Georgieff, from 

 Bucharest. Another difference arose upon the 

 introduction of a bill in the Bulgarian Parlia- 

 ment for the naturalization of all Bulgarians 

 dwelling in Roumania and Servia as subjects of 

 the Bulgarian Principality. This bill was, 

 however, withdrawn, in deference to the objec- 

 tions urged by Roumania that such a measure 

 would interfere with its territorial rights. 



In the matter of the settlement of the fron- 

 tier line of the Danube, Russia, in June, gave 

 its consent to a delimitation by which the fort 

 of Arab Sabia proper and the intrenchments 

 situated on the heights of Yuinen and Yelianli, 

 with their western surroundings, should be 

 allotted to Roumania, while the southeastern 

 part of the intrenchments, with Fort Odo, 

 should be kept by the Bulgarians. The Rou- 

 manians were willing to accept this line, not- 

 withstanding that they alleged that the last- 

 mentioned position, which would be left in the 



