RUSSIA. 



061 



visions of Russia were estimated as follows in 

 1880 (" Gotha Almanac," 1881) : 



The following cities have, according to the 

 latest enumerations, more than 100,000 inhab- 

 itants: Petersburg (in 1869), 667,963; Mos- 

 cow (1871), 601,969 ; Warsaw (in 1878), 336,- 

 703; Odessa (1873), 184,819; Kiev (1874), 

 127.251; Riga, 103,000; Kishinev, 102,427; 

 Kharkov (1879), 101,175. 



For religious and other statistics of the empire, 

 see "Annual Cyclopedia" for 1877 and 1878. 



The budget for 1880, as published in Janu- 

 ary, showed a probable balance between rev- 

 enue and expenditure, the totals in each case 

 being estimated at 666,000,000 rubles. The 



receipts were estimated according to the nor- 

 mal average yield of the various sour 

 revenue, and were regarded as sufficient com- 

 pletely to cover the outlay, notwithstanding 

 the expenditure, which included the interest 

 on the new loans, had increased by 38,000,000 

 rubles. Of the items of increased expendi- 

 ture, the payment of interest for the state 

 debts, after reckoning the reduction effected 

 by the redemption of the former loans, required 

 15,000,000 more than in the previous year, 

 while the war and naval budgets were in- 

 creased by 11,000,000 rubles, and the esti- 

 mates of the Ministry of the Interior by 2,- 

 000,000, the last addition being attributable to 

 the reinforcement of the police. On the other 

 side, the increase of revenue was produced 

 chiefly by receipts on account of excise, cus- 

 toms, forests, and repayments by railway com- 

 panies. It was computed that the additional 

 revenue from this source would amount to 

 about 30.000,000 rubles, and a further increase 

 of 7,000,000 rubles was expected to accrue in 

 small amounts from miscellaneous items. 



The foreign commerce of Russia in 1877 and 

 1878 was as follows (value in rubles) : 



The movement of shipping was in 1878 as 

 follows : 



The Russian fleet was in 1880 composed as 

 follows : 



The commercial fleet in 1878 consisted of 

 3,643 sailing-vessels, with 308,230 tons, and 

 259 steamers, of 74,324 tons. 



The strength of the Russian army in 1880 

 was as follows : 



On January 1, 1880, there were 22,434 kilo- 

 metres of railroad in operation, exclusive of 

 Finland. The number of post-offices in 1879 

 was 4,374; of letters sent, 102,461,031; of 

 wrappers, 8,303,025; of registered letters. 

 5,789,493; of money letters, 8,782,662; of 

 packages, 2,519,535; of newspapers and pe- 

 riodicals, 78,620,531. The aggregate length 

 of telegraph-lines was, in 1878, 99,917 kilome- 

 tres, of which 75,081 were state lines. The 



