ANTI-POVERTY SOCIETY. 



ARCHAEOLOGY. (AMERICAN.) 21 



an equal right in all the advantages and fruits 

 of civilization and progress, a fair chance to 

 develop all his powers." Still another au- 

 thority defines the scope of the organization as 

 follows: "The poverty that we would abolish 

 ari-L-s from the inability to get work, or from 

 the low wages that are paid for work. The 

 inability to get work arises from the lament- 

 able fact that, in most countries in most civ- 

 ilized countries especially, and in those coun- 

 tries that have attained to the highest civiliza- 

 tion and have the densest population, -which is 

 an immense factor in high civilization the 

 general bounties of Nature are appropriated as 

 private property by a few, by a class, and the 

 masses are literally deprived of their divine in- 

 heritance; and so, instead of having the equal 

 right to get at the general bounties of Nature, 

 and thus fulfill the duty as well as exercise the 

 right of supporting themselves and their fami- 

 lies the same equal chances that every other 

 man in the world may have they have to go 

 cringing and begging of the few, who are the 

 unjust monopolists of the generous bounties of 

 God, for the boon to labor. They have to 

 crave as a blessing the chance to get work : 

 and where there is an unseemly competition 

 a scramble like that of brute beasts at the 

 trough it rests with the monopolists to give 

 the work to the one that will content himself 

 with the least and the poorest fare of all to 

 the one that will consent to live and reproduce 

 his species with the least proportion of the 

 products of his labor." It has been said that 

 the society leans somewhat to the side of the 

 Anarchists, and this might seem to have some 

 foundation from the recent remarks of Dr. 

 McGlynn, who said : ' ; Killing for political pur- 

 poses is to be considered as something totally 

 different from the crime of murder. If I 

 should happen to read in to-morrow's papers 

 that the Czar had been killed, I wouldn't put 

 any crape on my hat. "Without discussing 

 whether, in moral casuistry, it is lawful to kill 

 the Czar, still I must acknowledge the grand 

 and noble character of the men who think it 

 their duty to do their best to kill him. These 

 heroic men feel that they are doing the noblest 

 and holiest thing they could do for their coun- 

 try in trying to kill the Czar." It was ex- 

 pected that the society would be in such shape 

 as to make its influence felt in the November 

 canvass of 1887 in the State of New York, 

 when the Secretary of State and other 

 officers were to be elected. Mr. George was 

 nominated for Secretary of State, but he 

 polled scarcely any more votes in the whole 

 State than he had polled for Mayor of New 

 York in 1886. Whatever political influence 

 and strength remained to the United Labor 

 party and the Anti-Poverty Society was ap- 

 parently thrown for their candidate for Mayor 

 of New York in 1888, who received fewer 

 than 10,000 votes, against 68,000 for George 

 as Mayor in 1888, and 70,000 for George as 

 Secretary of State in 1887. 



ARCHEOLOGY. (American.) Glacial Man In 

 America. The evidences of the existence of man 

 in America in the Glacial epoch have been 

 summed up by Prof. F. W. Putnam, in the Bos- 

 ton Society of Natural History, and Dr. C. C. 

 Abbott, in the American Association for the 

 Advancement of Science. They include the 

 palaeolithic implements which Dr. Abbott has 

 found from time to time since 1876 in the 

 gravels of the Delaware valley, near Trenton, 

 N. J., with parts of two skulls. The forma- 

 tion in which these relics occur is declared gla- 

 cial by Prof. Cook, State Geologist; it is re- 

 ferred by Mr. W. J. McGee, of the United 

 States Geological Survey, to the southernmost 

 extension of the overwash gravels from the 

 terminal moraine formed during the latter 

 epoch of cold of the Quaternary ; and is pro- 

 nounced by the Rev. G. Frederic Wright, who 

 has examined the terminal moraine of the great 

 glacier from New Jersey westward, across 

 Ohio, to be the direct result of the melting 

 of the glaciers as they retired northward. Dr. 

 Metz, of Madison ville, Ohio, found a chipped 

 implement in the gravel at that place, eight feet 

 below the surface, in 1885, and another at about 

 thirty feet below the surface, in a similar deposit 

 on the Little Miami river, opposite Loveland. in 

 1887, both in a formation unquestionably gla- 

 cial. Miss Franc E. Babbitt reported to the 

 American Association, in 1883, concerning the 

 finding of implements and fragments of chipped 

 quartz at Little Falls, Minn., where they oc- 

 curred in a well-defined thin layer in the modi- 

 fied drift forming the glacial flood-plain of the 

 Mississippi river. Specimens of all these find- 

 ings were compared by Prof. Putnam with speci- 

 mens from Abbeville and St. Acheul. France, 

 and with an English specimen from the collec- 

 tion of Mr. John Evans, and were found to 

 bear similiar marks of human workmanship, so 

 evident and so uniform in their character as to 

 leave the supposition of their having been re- 

 sults of accident out of the question. They 

 were, however, made from different materials: 

 those from Trenton being, with four exceptions, 

 of argillite : the two from Ohio, one of black 

 chert and the other from a hard, dark pebble, 

 not yet identified; and those from Little Falls, 

 of quartz. Each of these materials was the 

 one suitable for the purpose most easily ob- 

 tained at the place where it was in use. These 

 implements and the European specimens to- 

 gether show, Prof. Putnam remarks in his re- 

 view, " that man in this early period of his 

 existence had learned to fashion the best avail- 

 able material, be it flint, argillite, quartz, chert, 

 or other rocks, into implements and weapons 

 suitable to his requirements " ; and " that his 

 requirements were about the same on both sides 

 of the Atlantic, when he was living under con- 

 ditions of climate and environment which must 

 have been very nearly alike on both conti- 

 nents, and when such animals as the mammoth 

 and the mastodon, with others now extinct, 

 were his companions."' Evidences of later oc- 



