ARCHAEOLOGY. (ROMAN.) 



25 



complete. They are of various kinds and 

 shapes, and wlu-re they inclose areas and form 

 the so-called camps they are of very different di- 

 mensions. Most of them are hill-fortresses, but 

 there are also marsh and peninsular fort: 

 and one example exists of a small former insu- 

 lar refuge. The present surroundings of these 

 earthworks are of service in assisting to deter- 

 mine their original uses, for, although the 

 woodland features may have changed, the geo- 

 logical conditions are the same as in Celtic 

 times. The camps could hardly have been per- 

 manently inhabited 

 sites, for few traces of 

 dwellings or articles 

 of domestic use have 

 been found within 

 them, and from these 

 and other circum- 

 stances they appear to 

 have been strongholds 

 for defense in case of 

 attack. If this is al- 

 lowed, then these 

 areas must have had 

 a distinct relationship 

 to the number of peo- 

 ple required for their 

 defense and to the 

 population and their 

 capital or the number 

 of cattle they were 

 intended to shelter. 

 With these data we 

 may draw approxi- 

 mately accurate infer- 

 ences respecting the 



location and density of the Celtic population 

 at the time of their construction. 



Roman. In the course of the excavations of 

 the German Institute in the Forum, adjoining 

 the temple of Julius, foundations solidly and 

 well built in travertine have been discovered, 

 which Prof. Richter has identified with the 

 Arch of Augustus. The arch appears to have 

 been one of three piers, like the arches of Seve- 

 rus and Constantine, the middle passage being 

 fourteen feet wide. 



Remains of anirehair Civilization. Excavations 

 have been made at the site of the ancient Syb- 

 aris for the sake of recovering the ruins of 

 the Grecian city that was destroyed five centu- 

 ries before Christ. Ruins attributable to such 

 a city have not yet been found, but a necropo- 

 lis has been discovered in the neighborhood 

 which indicates that there existed there pre- 

 vious to the Greek period a more ancient city, 

 the remains of which bear evidence of an ar- 

 chaic civilization precisely corresponding with 

 that, specimens of which have been found at 

 Vetulonia, Civita Castellana, Corneto, and va- 

 rious points in other parts of the peninsula, 

 and in some details with the finds in the 

 lacustrine deposits of the northern provinces. 

 Among the most striking specimens of ancient 

 archaic art, are the cinerary urns of the hut 



type, such as have been found on the Alban 

 mountains under two strata of volcanic depos- 

 its, and which, with the well-tombs, are char- 

 acteristic features at Corneto (or Tarquinia). 

 The urns are vessels of the rudest forms of 

 pottery, hand-made and half-baked ; and with 

 them in one of the well tombs at Corneto were 

 found bronze helmets of most skillful fabric 

 and swords of bronze or iron ; and in some of 

 the tombs copies of the helmets in clay, made 

 for covers to the round urns, a use to which 

 the original helmets seem to have been put 



ROMAX BATH, AT BATH, ENGLAND. 



after the death of their owner. In the same 

 necropolis with these are found the " corridor" 

 tombs and " chambers,'' the latest and best 

 known form of the Etruscan tomb, the paint- 

 ings on some of which at Corneto form a series 

 coming down to Roman times. Conflicting 

 views have been expressed concerning the ori- 

 gin of these objects. Helbig believes that they 

 are all Etruscan, and represent only different 

 phases of Etruscan civilization ; and while to 

 a certain extent there were overlappings in the 

 method of disposing of the dead, there was in 

 no case a break, such as would be caused by 

 the intrusion of a strange race introducing new 

 arts. The bronze arms and implements he con- 

 siders of Phoenician and Carthaginian origin, 

 of date not earlier than 900 B. c., or about the 

 period of the entry of the Etruscans into Italy. 

 Their identity with the relics found at Sybaris, 

 which the Etruscans did not reach, and with 

 articles in the lake-dwellings, which are sup- 

 posed to be of much earlier date, are cited as 

 militating against this view. Fiorelli and some 

 other Italian archaeologists maintain that they 

 are relics of a primitive Italic civilization an- 

 terior to the Etruscan, and cite the community 

 of the articles from such widely separated lo- 

 calities in support of their view. Gamurrini 

 would identity them with a Pelasgic civilization. 



