AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



69 



The number of letters that passed through 

 the Hungarian post-office in 18^5 was 1 17,953,- 

 000, inclusive of post-cards; patterns and 

 printed inclosures, 17,756,000; newspapers, 

 ; .000. The receipts were 10.281,768 flor- 

 ins, and the expenses 8,543.492 florins. 



Telegraphs. Austria had 24,442 miles of line 

 and 64.050 miles of wire in 1886, and Hungary 

 11,215 miles of'line and 41,520 miles of wire. 

 There wore 2,000 miles of line in Bosnia 

 and Herzegovina. The number of messages 

 transmitted by the Austrian telegraphs in Ib85 

 was 6,701,899". In Hungary 6,009,596 messages 

 were dispatched in 1886. 



Navigation. The number of vessels entered 

 at the port of Trieste in 1885 was 6,971, of 

 1. -207,94(3 tons; cleared, 6,932, of 1.264,051 

 tons. The number entered at all Austro-Hun- 

 earian ports was 63,681, of 7,705,202 tons; 

 the number cleared was 63,502, of 7,697,560 

 tons. Of the vessels 80 per cent, and of the 

 tonnage 87 per cent, were Austrian. The mer- 

 cantile marine consisted in 1886 of 61 ocean 

 steamers, of 69.452 tons. 82 coasting steamers, 

 of 14.491 tons, and 9,225 sailing-vessels of all 

 kinds, of 228.044 tons. 



The Army. The active army and its reserve 

 are under the control of the Imperial authori- 

 ties, whereas the Landwehr and the Landsturm 

 that has been recently organized under the law 

 of 1886 are controlled by the ministry of na- 

 tional defense of each monarchy. The legal 

 period of military service for every able bod- 

 ied man in the empire, except those who are 

 exempt on account of family conditions, is 

 three years with the colors, though the actual 

 term is usually much shorter. The annual re- 

 cruit is about 94,000 men. After completing 

 the period of active service at twenty-three, 

 they are liable for service in the reserves till 

 the age of thirty, and then pass into the Land- 

 wehr for two years, and after that are enrolled 

 in the Landsturm for ten years longer. 



The standing army in 1887 numbered 267,- 

 179 men. Its war strength was 805,904. The 

 Austrian Landwehr numbered 152,632 men; 

 the Hungarian Honved, 167,369; the Austrian 

 Landsturm, 228,876 ; the Hungarian Land- 

 sturm, 212.24(i; the gendarmerie, 6.164; mak- 

 ing the total military strength of the empire 

 1.573,191 men. exclusive of officers, who num- 

 ber 17,867 in time of peace, and 32,785 in war. 

 The number of horses is 50,362 in peace, and 

 211,462 in war; the number of field-guns, 816 

 in peace, and 1,748 in war. 



One full corps was armed with the new re- 

 peating rifle by the beginning of 1888, and in 

 January the reservists were called out to be 

 drilled in its use. 



The Navy. The iron-clad navy in 1887 con- 

 sisted of 12 vessels. There were in process of 

 construction the " Kronprinz Erzherzog Ru- 

 dolf," a barbette turret - ship, 12 inches of 

 armor, and the ''Stephanie," a barbette belted 

 ship of 5,100 tons, with 9-inch plates, and en- 

 gines of from 8.000 to 11,000 horse-power. 



There were 10 unarmored cruisers, 2 classed 

 as frigates and 8 as corvettes, 6 torpedo- ves- 

 sel.*, 16 coast-guards, 2 river monitors, and 38 

 torpedo-boats. 



Common Finances. The expenditure for the 

 whole monarchy in 18S7 was 123,855,414 

 florins, as compared with 119.724,748 florins 

 in 1886. The budget estimates for 1888 make 

 the expenditure for the common affairs of the 

 monarchy 134,480,397 florins, of which 41,- 

 510,397 florins are covered by the surplus 

 revenue from customs and 90,149,426 florins 

 are the contributions from the Austrian and 

 Hungarian treasuries, the remainder being the 

 receipts of the various ministries. The ex- 

 penditure of the ministry of Foreign Affairs is 

 estimated at 3,859,100 florins ; expenditure on 

 the army, 117,162.360 florins, of which 18,- 

 619.775 florins are for extraordinary purposes ; 

 expenditure on the navy, 11,323,224 florins, 

 including 2.145.147 florins of extraordinary 

 expenditure ; expenses of the Board of Con- 

 trol, 129,153 florins. 



For the administration of the occupied prov- 

 inces of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1888 the 

 expenditure was estimated at 9,076,218 florins, 

 and the revenue at 9.147,189 florins. The cost 

 of the army of occupation is placed at 4,424,- 

 000 florins. 



The Triple Alliance. The defensive alliance 

 between Austria and Germany was negotiated 

 at Gastein and Vienna after the Berlin Con- 

 gress by Prince Bismarck in consequence of 

 the unfriendly attitude of Russia. Italy sub- 

 sequently joined the league, and after its re- 

 newal in February, 1887. on the arrangement 

 of details at the interviews between Prince 

 Bismarck and Count Kalnoky and Signer 

 Cri-pi at Friedrichsruh in September, the terms 

 of the original Austro-German treaty of alli- 

 ance were for the first time published to the 

 world. The new treaty, except in minor par- 

 ticulars in respect to the military forces to 

 be maintained and the conditions of mobiliza- 

 tion, is officially declared to be identical with 

 the other. The agreement is generally under- 

 stood to be that if either Austria or Germany, 

 without being the aggressor, is attacked by 

 Russia, the combined military forces of the 

 two empires will move against that power; if 

 France should attack either Germany or Italy, 

 she would be opposed by both those powers 

 acting in common ; and if France and Russia 

 should combine to assail one or more of the 

 allied powers, the entire military and naval 

 strength of the league would be called into 

 immediate action. The original treaty be- 

 tween the two emperors contained three 

 clauses. The first binds each power to assist 

 the other with its entire military power in case 

 either should be attacked by Russia, the sec- 

 ond engages each to observe an attitude of 

 benevolent neutrality if its ally should be at- 

 tacked by a power other than Russia, but to 

 co-operate with its fall military strength and 

 onlv conclude a peace in common if Russia 



