AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



71 



laws relating to military duty, and its co-opera- 

 tion in legislation relating to trade and com- 

 merce, customs, banking, the post-office, tele- 

 graphs and railways: wliiie estimates of revenue 

 and expenditure, tax-bills, loans, the conver- 

 sion of the debt and its general control, must 

 be submitted to parliamentary examination. 



Revenue and Expenditure. The accounts of the 

 Austrian Treasury are not made public till aft- 

 er the lapse of several years. There has been 

 for the past four years a large excess of expen- 

 diture over receipts shown in the annual budg- 

 The budget of expenditures was reduced 

 from 542,955,540 florins in 1884-'8o, to 516,- 

 625.771 florins in ISStf-'ST, but it mounts up 

 acain in the estimates for the year ending March 

 31, 1888, to 537,221,802 florins. The increase 

 is mainly in extraordinary expenditure, which 

 is 64.580,750 florins, of which, however. 21.- 

 830,100 florins extend over two years. The 

 ordinary expenditures amount to 472.641.047 

 florins, the principal items being 125,517.331 

 florins for the interest and sinking fund of the 

 public debt, 97.4:"!4.672 florins for financial 

 administration, 89.215.805 florins for common 

 affairs. 58.412.692 florins on account of the 

 Ministry of Commerce. 19.832,000 florins for 

 the administration of the Department of Jus- 

 tice. 16.547.104 florins for pensions and grants. 

 16,197.491 florins on account of the Ministry 

 of the Interior, 11,820,898 florins for education, 

 11.729.712 florins on account of the Ministry of 

 Agriculture, and 10,198,996 for defense. 



The total revenue is estimated at 509,546.- 

 594 florins, of which 492,417,438 are derived 

 from ordinary sources and 17,129,156 florins 

 are extraordinary revenue. The income from 

 direct taxes on land, houses, incomes, etc., 

 amounts to 99,068,000 florins. The amount 

 raised by indirect taxation is 303,721,814 flor- 

 ins, customs producing 43.124.414 florins, ex- 

 cise 87,507,400 florins, the salt-tax 20.447.000 

 florins, stamps 18,200,000 florins, the tobacco- 

 tax 75,750,000 florins, judicial fees. 3:-V2".o.- 

 000 florins, the state lottery 21,500,000 florins, 

 and other taxes 3.943,000 florins. The receipts 

 from posts and telegraphs are taken as 27.''> S 2.- 

 270 florins, those from railways as 40,056.317 

 florins. Mines yield an income of 6,552,472 

 florins, forests and domains 4.179.550 florins, 

 and state property 2.140.760 florins. 



The total debt not reckoning 412.000,000 

 florins of paper money, amounts to 3.537. 

 156 florins. The special debt of Austria amounts 

 to 767.184,511 florins, and the general debt of 

 the empire to 2.770,700.645 florins, the main 

 burden of which falls on Austria, as Hungary 

 pays only something over 30,000,000 florins, of 

 the interest on the general consolidated debt, 

 the interest charge being 139,635,516 florins. 



Hungary. Coloraan Tisza de Boros-Jeno has 

 been President of the Hungarian Council of 

 Ministers since Nov. 25, 1879. The heads of 

 the departments are as follow : Ministry of 

 Finance, Coleman Tisza ad interim: Ministry 

 of the Honved or National Defense, Baron Geza 



Fejervdry; Ministry near the King's Person, 

 Baron Bela Orezy; Ministry of the Interior, 

 Baron Bela Orezy ad inf< rim : Ministry of Edu- 

 cation and Public Worship, Dr. August Tre- 

 fort ; Ministry of Justice, Tlieophile Fabiny, 

 appointed May 17. 1886; Ministry of Commu- 

 nications arid Public Works. Gabriel de Baross. 

 appointed Dec. 21, 1886 ; Ministry of Agricult- 

 ure, Commerce, and Industry, Count Paul Sce- 

 chenyi; Ministry for Croatia and Slavonia, 

 Coloinan de Bedekovich. 



The Hungarian Parliament consists of the 

 House of Magnates and the House of Repre- 

 sentatives. The former was reformed in 1885, 

 and now comprises 51 ecclesiastical representa- 

 tives. 50 life -peers, 16 state dignitaries and 

 judges who have seats by virtue of their offices, 

 20 archdukes, and 286 hereditary peers. The 

 representatives in the lower house are not 

 chosen by separate classes and voted for indi- 

 rectly, as in Austria, but are elected by the di- 

 rect vote of all male citizens over twenty years 

 of age who are possessed of a low property 

 qualification or belong to the educated class. 



Revenue and Expenditure. The Hungarian 

 budgets uniformly present a deficit, and in 

 some years the expenditures very largely ex- 

 ceed the revenue. The receipts of the treasury 

 for 1888 are estimated at 326,641,987 florins, 

 the ordinary receipts being 319.899.999 florins, 

 and the transitory revenue 6.741,988 florins. 

 About one fourth of the revenue is derived 

 from direct taxes on land, buildings, and in- 

 comes, and one fourth from excise and customs 

 duties and monopolies. 



The total expenditure for 1888 is estimated 

 at 345.037,108 florins, of which 321.072,608 

 florins constitute the ordinary expenditures of 

 the Government. 2,267.426 florins are transi- 

 tory expenditures, 13,771,079 florins are in- 

 vestments, and 7,925,995 florins are extraordi- 

 nary common expenditures. The ordinary ex- 

 penditures under the chief heads are as follow : 

 National debt, 115,599,408 florins: Ministry of 

 Finance, 56.594,439 florins; state raiways. -2> '.- 

 463,380 florins ; quota of ordinary common ex- 

 penditures. 21,770,061 florins; Ministry of Com- 

 munications and Public Works, 14.249.038 flor- 

 ins : Ministry of Justice, 11.972.024 florins; 

 debts of guaranteed railroads taken over by the 

 state, 11.724.285 florins: Ministry of the Inte- 

 rior, 11,440,926 florins; Ministry of Agricult- 

 ure, Industry, and Commerce, 10,897,823 flor- 

 ins: Ministry of National Defense. 8.484,547 

 florins ; Ministry of Instruction and Worship, 

 0.591.340 florins; administration of Croatia, 

 6,054,134 florins; pensions, 5.314,701 florins. 



The annual deficits since 1867 have accumu- 

 lated into a debt that is nearly double the 

 special debt of Austria. It amounted in 1886 

 to 1.342,380.381 florins, while Hungary's share 

 of the common debt was 248.000.000 florins 

 more, the total charge absorbing 37 per cent. 

 of the revenue. The excessive expenditures 

 have been caused by the construction of rail- 

 roads faster than the traffic warranted. 



