BRAZIL. 



103 



backward or forward and breaking ground to 

 the side, is generally easier and safer than 

 ducking in close quarters, which frequently 

 compels one to lose sight of his opponent. 



A boxer who battles on the defensive, de- 

 pending only on straight counters or the old- 

 fashioned cross-counters, a good stopper and 

 ducker, and well up in leg-work, will bother 

 a much heavier man, no matter how expert. 



A.> the Marquis of Queensherry's rules for 

 busing- matches are understood in this country, 

 there is very little chance lor an in-lighter, but 

 it is one of the great things in boxing. Espe- 

 cially is in-fighting valuable in an unexpected 

 encounter. The principal point about in-fight- 

 ing is to keep both hands at work. In an un- 

 expected fracas let the opponent do all the 

 hugging and struggling; keep the left going 

 straight in his face and at the body-mark, and 

 half swing the right on neck, jaw. and short ribs. 



A very expert blow which few, even of the 

 professionals, have mastered, is the draw and 

 counter for the cross-counter. The enemy's 

 fire, the right cross-counter, is drawn by a 

 clever feint with the left. His cross-counter 

 is stopped with the left, and the movement of 

 the body, which aids in stopping his right with 

 the left, helps in sending a tremendous right 

 into his jaw. 



Another clever move is the inside right. 

 Few of the most expert use it, but it is a very 

 effective blow. The inside right is used in- 

 stead of the cross-counter by stopping a left 

 lead with the right, making the movement of 

 body for the stop aid in getting the right into 

 position and delivering a counter with it on 

 the jaw, but inside instead of outside and 

 across the arm that led. 



Upper cutting is sometimes effective, but is 

 always so dangerous to whomsoever attempts 

 it that many boxers do not attempt it at all. 

 The upper cut is a counter. It should only be 

 used after careful illustration by a good teacher. 

 The blow should never be employed except 

 when an opponent comes in head down. 



BRAZIL. (For details relating to area, terri- 

 torial divisions, population, etc.. see u Annual 

 Cyclopaedia," for 1884.) 



Government. The Emperor is Dora Pedro 

 II, born Dec. 2. 1825. He returned from 

 Europe on August 23 with his health restored. 

 His Cabinet is composed of the following min- 

 isters : President of the Council of Ministers 

 and Minister of Finance. Senator Joao Alfredo 

 Correa d'Oliveira ; Minister of the Interior, 

 Deputy Jose Fernandes da Costa Pereira, Jr. ; 

 Minister of Justice, Deputy Dr. Antonio Fer- 

 reira Vianna; Minister of Foreign Affairs, 

 Senator Antonio da Silva Prado ; Nary, Sena- 

 tor Luiz Antonio Viera da Silva: War. Sena- 

 tor Thomaz Jose Coelho de Almeida : Agricult- 

 ure. Deputy Rodrigo Augusto da Silva. The 

 Brazilian Minister at "Washington is Dr. Joao 

 Arthuro de Louza Correia. The Consul-Gen- 

 eral of Brazil at New York is Dr. Salvador 

 Mendon^a. The American Minister at Rio de 



Janeiro is Thomas J: Jarvis; the Consul-Gen- 

 eral, H. Clay Armstrong. 



Finances. The Sterling debt of Brazil 

 amounted, on March 31, 1888, to 29,00" 

 and the homedeht to 437,306,700 milreis. 

 paper money in circulation on April 30, 1888, 

 -'/d of treasury notes to the amount of 

 188,861.263 mil: - of the Bank of Bra- 



zil, 15,276.850; notes of the Bank of Bahia, 

 50 milreis; notes of the Bank of Maranhao 

 '. The treasury notes form part of the 

 home debt referred to. The budget for 1889 

 estimates the ordinary expenditure at 138,108,- 

 671 milreis ; the outlay authorized for 

 had been 141,230,103 milreis; the income in 

 1889 is estimated at 140,000,000 milreis, as 

 compared with 138,395,000 authorized for 1888. 

 Brazilian finances have been gradually im- 

 proving, as the diminished deficits of 1886 and 

 1887 show. During seven consecutive vears the 

 deficits, reduced to sterling monev, have been : 

 1881, 1.294,000; 1882, 1,185,000; 1883, 

 ; 1884, 2.679,000; 1885, 3.947,- 

 OOU: 18S6. 2.863.000; and 1887,2,302,000. 

 The deficits in 1886 and 1887 chiefly arose 

 from railroads and other public works. The 

 defirit for 1888, it is believed, will not excef d 

 1,300,000. The floating debt is $4,656,000. 

 The paying of wages to the freedmen will re- 

 quire an extensive circulation of additional silver 

 coin to the amount of about $7,000,000, for 

 which the equivalent in treasury notes of 500 

 to 2.000 reis will be withdrawn. This amount 

 of silver will have to be bought in the open 

 market. 



Army. The actual strength of the Brazilian 

 army is 1.520 officers and 13,528 men; in the 

 event of war it may be raised to 30,000. There 

 is also a gendarmerie in actual service of 6,847 

 men, 1,008 of whom are at Rio. After the 

 new census shall have been taken, the National 

 Guard, at present dissolved, will be reorgan- 

 ized. The Comblain carbine, now in use in the 

 Brazilian army, will soon be replaced by an- 

 other weapon, while the artillery is to receive 

 Bange field- pieces. 



\avy. The naval forces of the empire were 

 composed in 1888 of nine iron-clads, six cruis- 

 ers, a mixed school corvette, a paddle-wheel 

 steamer for artillery practice, four patacTios or 

 light school craft; five torpedo-boats of the 

 first class; three third-class torpedo-boats: 15 

 gun-boats, 7 of which have paddle-wheels. 4 

 are wooden with screw, and 4 steel with 

 screw: two steam-transports, and eleven steam- 

 launches. The two new gun-boats have re- 

 ceived their armament, and there were on the 

 stocks, in a forward state of construction, two 

 other gun-boats all of them steel. The Bra- 

 zilian fleet mounts 134 rifled Whitworth and 

 Armstrong gur.s, 94 Xordenfeld mitrailleuse*, 

 11 rapid-fire Xordenfeld guns, 4 Hotchkiss re- 

 volving guns, and 11 smooth-bore pieces. The 

 collective horse-power is 19,329, and the ton- 

 nage. 40.252. It is manned by 4.272 sailors 

 and officers. 



