CHILI. 



CHINA. 



153 



activity of the republic in the following words : 

 "Agriculture, in its main branches, produces 

 annually, on the average, 7,000,000 hectolitres 

 of wheat, 3,000,000 hectolitres of barley and 

 other cereals, and a proportionate amount of 

 vegetables and fruit peculiar to the temperate 

 zone. In 1886 the country exported over 

 1,300,000 hectolitres of wheat in the grain and 

 in the form of flour, and 266,300 litres of 

 wines. Cattle production amounts to 500,000 

 head per annum, and that of sheep and goats to 

 2,000,000 on an average. The mineral branch 

 turns out some 25,000 to 40,000 tons of copper, 

 160,000 kilogrammes of silver, 10,000,000 tons 

 of coal, over 15,500,000 quintals of nitrate of 

 soda, large amounts of manganese, and for the 

 working of metals, etc., there are in operation 

 foundries and machinery of the first class. 

 Manufacturing furnishes an ample supply of 

 ordinary commodities. There are a great 

 many flour-mills and other factories. A large 

 sugar-refinery is in operation at Vina del Mar, 

 near Valparaiso, while at Santiago there is 

 a wool-weaving establishment producing fine 

 cloths, etc., and smaller ones are to be met with 

 in the interior, as well as other industries. 

 Exclusive privileges are granted to newly in- 

 vented industries foreign to the country, and a 

 good many such are in course of exploitation." 



Merchant Marine* There were afloat under 

 the Chilian flag on March 15, 1887. 37 steam- 

 ers with a joint tonnage of 18,769 : 7 ships 

 with 7,866 tons; 91 barks with 45,989 tons; 5 

 brigs with 1,514 tons ; 8 schooner-brigs with 

 2,295 tons; 12 schooners with 1.225 tons; and 

 19 sloops with 1,058; together, 179 vessels 

 with 78,716 tons. Two new steamers and 16 

 sailing-vessels were registered during a twelve- 

 month, while 2 steamers and 10 sailing-vessels 

 were either sold or wrecked. The maritime 

 movement in 1886 was, vessels entered, 9,568, 

 with a joint tonnage of 8,081,229, and 

 sailed, measuring jointly 8,368,887 tons, bring- 

 ing 47,167 passengers and taking away 41,032, 

 so that 6,135 remained in port. 



Education. The Chilian university at Santi- 

 ago is called the ' Institute Xacional.'' In 1886 

 422 students attended the lectures on law and 

 political science; 290 on medical science ; 122 

 on pharmacy ; 30 on physics and mathematics ; 

 and 104 cultivated the fine arts i.e.. drawing, 

 painting, sculpture, and architecture ; total 

 number of students, 968. Four hundred and 

 five diplomas were granted. The lyceums in the 

 provinces, of which there are twenty-two, were 

 attended by 3,892 pupils in the same year, so 

 that altogether 4,860 youths were receiving a 

 higher degree of education, and for 1888 Con- 

 gress set aside a subsidy of $829,694 for the 

 same purpose. The free schools numbered 862, 

 with 78,810 pupils, the average attendance be- 

 ing 47,780 ; there are besides normal schools ; 

 and for all public schools Congress voted a 

 subsidy of $1,406,000 for 1888; adding thereto 

 salaries of professors, teachers, pensions, and 

 money spent on new school - buildings and 



libraries, Chili spent in a single year on edu- 

 cation $4,957,437. 



Newspapers. The number of periodical pub- 

 lications throughout the country in 1888 was 

 130 ; 30 in Santiago, 15 in Valparaiso, 5 in 

 Iquiqne, 4 each in Concepcion, Copiapo, Cu- 

 ric6, Serena, and Talca, 3 each in Ancud, An- 

 geles, Cauquenes, Chilian, San Carlos, San 

 Felipe, Vallenar, and Freirina, and 2 each in 

 Ligua, Melipilla, Osorno, Pisagua, Quillota, 

 Quirihue, Rancagua, and San Fernando one 

 in nearly every chief town of a department. 



CHINA, an empire in eastern Asia. The 

 TsaitMen or Emperor. Ilwangti, born in 1871, 

 succeeded to the throne by proclamation. Jan. 

 22, 1875, on the death of the Emperor T'ung- 

 chi. He is the ninth Emperor of China of the 

 Tartar dynasty of Ts'ing. During las infancy 

 the affairs of the Government were directed by 

 the Empress Dowager, widow of the Emperor 

 Hienfung, in concert with Prince Ch'un, fa- 

 ther of the present Emperor. On becoming 

 of age, Feb. 7, 1887, the young Emperor as- 

 sumed the government of his doiuinions though 

 the Empress Regent still exercised the royal 

 prerogative to a certain extent till July, 1888, 

 when she retired from active state duties. The 

 administration of the Government is under the 

 direction of the Neiko or ministers of state, 

 four in number, two Tartars and two Chinese, 

 with two assistants from the Han-lin or Great 

 College. Seven boards assist the ministers in 

 the administration of the empire. In addition, 

 there is a board of public censors, independent 

 of the Government, consisting of from 40 to 

 50 members, under two presidents, one of 

 Tartar and the other of Chinese birth. Any 

 member of this board is privileged to present 

 remonstrances to the Emperor, and one censor 

 must be present at the meetings of any of the 

 Government boards. 



Area and Population. The total area of China 

 and its dependencies is 4.179.559 square miles, 

 with a population of 404.180,000, not including 

 Corea. In the latter part of 1886 there were 

 7,695 foreigners resident in the open ports, of 

 whom 3,438 were British, 777 Japanese. 741 

 Americans, 629 Germans. 471 Frenchmen, and 

 319 Spaniards. More than half of the foreign- 

 ers reside in Shanghai. 



Finances. As the receipts of the Government 

 from internal sources are not made public, the 

 amount of revenue can only be estimated. The 

 ordinary revenue was estimated in 1886 at 

 66.400,000 haikwan taels, or about $50.344,000, 

 derived from the following sources : Land-tax, 

 payable in money, 20,000,000 taels ; rice tribute, 

 2,800,000 taels; salt-taxes, 9.600,000 taels: 

 maritime customs, 15,000,000 taels; native 

 customs, maritime and inland, and inland levy 

 on foreign opium, 6,000,000 taels; transit levy 

 on miscellaneous goods and opium, foreign and 

 native, 11,000,000 taels; licenses, 2.000,000 

 taels. The receipts from foreign customs 

 amounted in 1886 to 15,144.678 taels. The 

 customs duties fall more upon exports than im- 



