FRANCE. 



343 



ciled in France constituted little more than 1 

 per cent, of the population in 1851, the pro- 

 portion was inure than double in 1876, rising 

 to 2f per cent, in 1881, and in 1886 to 3 per 

 cent. The number of Italians in 1886 was 

 264,568, having quadrupled in 35 years. In 

 the department of Bouchesrdu-Rhone they 

 form a twelfth part of the population, num- 

 bering 70,088, while in the Maritime Alps, the 

 department that has Nice for its chief place, 

 there are 39,165, and in Paris 28,351. The 

 total number of Belgians is 4S2.261, of whom. 

 298,991 reside in the department of the Nord, 

 where they constitute one eighteenth of the 

 whole population. The number of Germans 

 is more than 100,000, but before the war there 

 were double that number. Nearly one third 

 of them are in Paris. The Spaniards and 

 Portuguese have nearly trebled since 1851, 

 numbering now 80,842, nearly all of whom are 

 found in the departments north of .the Pyre- 

 nees and south of the Garonne. The Swiss 

 number 78,584, of whom 27.233 inhabit the 

 department of the Seine. The number of 

 Dutch is 37,149, of whom more than half 

 live in Paris. The English, Scotch, and Irish 

 number 36,134, and of these 14,701 live in 

 Paris. The number of natives of North and 

 South America is only 10,253. of whom 6,915 

 are in Paris. These figures include persons 

 born on French soil who have acquired citi- 

 zenship in foreign countries, constituting about 

 one fourth of the total, but not naturalized 

 French citizens, who number 103,886, whereas 

 in 1872 there were only 15.303 naturalized 

 Frenchmen 



The decree of the President of the republic 

 requires every foreigner settling in France or 

 making a prolonged stay to make a declara- 

 tion within fifteen days of his arrival at the 

 mairie of the commune where he intends to 

 fix his residence, or at the prefecture, if it is 

 in Paris or Lyons, setting forth (1) his name 

 and those of his father and mother. (2) his na- 

 tionality, (3) the place and date of his birth, 

 (4) the place of his last domicile, (5) his pro- 

 fession or means of subsistence, (6) the names 

 and nationality of his wife and minor chil- 

 dren, in case they accompany him. When the 

 domiciled foreigner changes his residence to 

 another commune, he must there make a simi- 

 lar declaration before the maire. Foreigners 

 residing in France at the time when the decree 

 was published were required to comply with 

 its provisions within thirty days. A supple- 

 mentary decree extended the period to Jan. 1, 

 1889. Infractions of the regulations pre- 

 scribed in the decree are punishable with po- 

 lice penalties, without prejudice to the right 

 of expulsion, which can be exercised by the 

 Minister of the Interior by virtue of the law of 

 Dec. 2. 1849. 



Religion and Education. In the census of 1881, 

 78-50 per cent, of the population, or 29,201,703 

 persons, belonged to the Roman Catholic 

 Church ; 1-8 per cent, or 692,800, were Prot- 



estants ; 53,436 were Jews ; and 7,684,906 per- 

 sons refused to state their religious belief. All 

 religions are equal by law, and state allow- 

 ances are granted to those sects whose ad- 

 herents number more than 100,000. In the 

 budget of 1888, the sum of 45,743,563 francs 

 was devoted to these allowance, distributed 

 as follow : Roman Catholics, 43,503,723 francs; 

 Protestants, 1,551,600 francs; Jews, 180,900 

 francs; Mussulmans. 216.340 francs; admin- 

 istration, etc.. 291, n<>0 francs. 



Public education is under the supervision of 

 the Central Government. In 1885-'86 there 

 were 85,887 elementary schools, 63,207 of 

 which were lay schools, and 22.680, clerical 

 schools; 70,313 were public and the rest pri- 

 vate schools. The total number of pupils was 

 6.274,563, of whom 4,988,758 were educated 

 in the public schools. The number of teach- 

 ers in the elementary schools was 135.216 in 

 1886 88,668 in the" lay, and 46,548 in the 

 clerical schools. In November, 1884, there 

 were 381 secondary schools, with 98,495 pupils. 

 There were 87 normal schools for males and 

 75 for females in 1886. Education is provided 

 for adult males in 6.667 communes, and for 

 adult females in 1,135 communes, the total 

 number of pupils in 1885- ? 86 being 167,798 

 males and 30,036 females. The number of 

 graduates at the state universities in 1884 was 

 12,195. In that year 8,307 students were in 

 attendance at the faculty or University of 

 Paris. There are also numerous technical, in- 

 dustrial, and other special schools. In the 

 budget of 1886-'87, the total sum devoted to 

 educational purposes was 94.4U7.000 francs, of 

 which sum 81,460,000 francs were for primary 

 and 13,037.000 francs for intermediate educa- 

 tion. For the 16 schools of letters and phi- 

 losophy, 14 of law, and 6 of medicine, the sum 

 of 11,709,214 francs was assigned in the 

 budget. The state faculties of theology were 

 abolished in 1885. The Protestant faculties at 

 Montauban and Paris have, however, been 

 continued by annual votes of the Chambers, 

 because they are the only legal training-col- 

 leges for the pastors of the two Protesta::t 

 state churches, whereas the Catholic faculties 

 were not recognized by the bishops as training- 

 schools for pru - 



Commute and Industry. The total special 

 commerce of France in 1887 amounted to 

 7.590,546,000 francs, of which 4,270,772,000 

 francs represent imports, and 3.319,774,000 

 francs, exports. The most important class of 

 commodities is that of alimentary substances, 

 comprising wines, cereals, fruits, animals, cof- 

 fee, suarar, etc., which were imported to the 

 amount of 1,600,387.000 francs, and exported 

 to the amount of 721,175.000 francs. Of raw 

 products, including wool, raw silk, oils, skins 

 and hides, cotton, and lumber, the imports 

 were valued at 1.998,836,000 francs, and the 

 exports at 7 17, 3s 7. 000 francs. Of manufact- 

 ured articles, including woolen, silk, and cot- 

 ton goods, leather and leather goods, machin- 



