GERMANY. 



363 



pire. The President of the Reichstag is elected 

 by the deputies. 



Area and Population, The area of Germany is 

 211,196 square miles, and its population, on 

 Dec. 1, 1885. was 4<:. f whom 22,933, 



664 were males, and 23,922,040 females. The 

 average density of the population was 221 per 

 square mile. There were 5,378,077 inhabited 

 houses, and 9.999,558 households in 1885. The 

 bulk of the population is Teutonic, but there 

 were 3,205,000 non-Germanic inhabitants, in- 

 cluding 2,454.000 Slavs; 2,800,000 Walloons 

 and French : 150,000 Lithuanians ; 140.000 

 Danes : and 140.000 W e nds, Moravians, and 

 Bohemians. In 1886, 76.687 persons emigrated 

 from the German Empire by way of the Ger- 

 man ports and Antwerp, 41.898 of whom were 

 males, and 34.789 females: there were 10,609 

 families, comprising 38.950 persons. Of the 

 emigrants in 1886, Prussia sent 50,461; Bava- 

 -.068; Wurrernberg. 3.717; Baden, 2,833; 

 Saxony, 2,388; Hesse. 1,725; Mecklenburg- 

 Schwerin, 1,262 : Hamburg, 1,675 : Olden- 

 burg, 990 ; Bremen. 883 ; and Alsace-Lorraine, 

 602. The United States received 72,403 ; 

 Brazil, 2,04-5 : British Xorth America, 330 ; 

 other American countries, 1.068 ; Africa, 191 ; 

 Asia. 116 ; and Australia, 534. In addition to 

 the above total, 3,188 Germans left the empire 

 by way of Rotterdam, Amsterdam, and Havre 

 in 1886. The number of emigrants from the 

 empire in 1887 was 99.712. On Dec. 1, 1886, 

 there were 372.792 foreigners in Germany. 



Commerce and Industry, The total export trade 

 of the empire in 1887 was valued at 3.269,900.- 

 675 marks, against 3.127.655,475 marks ii; 

 The imports amounted to 3.268.517.950 marks 

 in 1887, and to 3.018,475,350 marks in 1- 



Protective duties on grain and cattle were 

 imposed in 1879, which had the effect of in- 

 creasing the receipts of the treasury from the 

 duties on cereals from 14,300,000 to*30, 600,000 

 marks, and from the cattle duties from 1,021,- 

 500 to 4.500.750 marks. Nevertheless, they 

 had failed to protect German agriculture from 

 the competition of foreign countries where 

 production is much cheaper. The duties were 

 raised in 1885 still higher, but without pro- 

 ducing the desired effect. Wheat, instead of 

 rising, fell to a price unknown for a century. 

 The Central Council of Agriculture, therefore, 

 called for a further measure to preserve the 

 agricultural interests of Germany, both large 

 and small, from the ruin with which they were 

 menaced. The Government proposed to double 

 the existing duties, but the Reichstag, in the 

 measure that was finally passed, slightly re- 

 duced this proposal. The new tariff fixes the 

 duty on wheat and rye at about 40 cents a 

 bushel; on oats and malt. 31 cents ; on barley, 

 18 cents ; on buckwheat, legumes, and Indian- 

 corn. 16 cents. Farinaceous preparations pay 

 duties from 30 to 50 per cent, higher than 

 formerly. 



In 1886-'87 there was under cultivation a 

 total area of 64,989,560 acres. The leading 



agricultural products were, wheat, 2,9 

 tons, produced from 4,791,583 acres : ry c . 



134 tons, from 14,596,255 acres; barley, 

 2,570,921 tons, from 4,328,600 ac: 

 5,341,483 tons, from 9,615,337 acres ; potatoes, 



7.340 tons, from 7,289,367 acres : clover, 

 hay. ..-2.253 tons, from 21,3', 



acres ; wines. 33.066.594 gallons, from Si- 

 acres; tobacco, 81,106,000 pounds, from 4 

 acres. The product of raw and refined sugar 



1.418,900 tons. The total value of the 

 mineral products in 1886 was 463,000,000 

 marks. The value of the coal raised was 300,- 



marks : lignite, 40.270,000 marks ; iron- 

 ore. 29.642,000 "marks: zinc-ore. 7,722,000 

 marks; lead-ore, 15,919,000 marks; copper- 

 ore, 14.415.000 marks ; silver and gold, 3. ','77.- 

 000 marks; mineral salts, 13,427.000 marks; 

 other salts. 35.024.000 marks. In 1886 the 

 value of the pig-iron produced in Germany was 

 140,383,000 marks. 229 furnaces being in op- 

 eration. The finished iron was valued at 418,- 



'0 marks, and the total value of the pro- 

 ductions of foundries of all kinds was 690,000,- 

 000 marks. In the manufacture of iron 200,000 

 men are employed. 



Navigation. In 1887 the mercantile navy 

 comprised 694 steamers, of 453,914 tons, and 

 3.327 sailing-vessels, of 830,789 tons, making a 

 total of 4.021 vessels, of 1,284,703 tons. Of 

 these. 2.518 vessels, of 412.417 tons, belonged 

 to Prussian ports. The total number of sailors 

 employed in the merchant service in 1887 was 

 39,021. The movement of shipping at all 

 German ports in 1886 was as folio v 



T>: linage. 



In bal- 

 last. 



Total 



Xo. 



Entered . . 49.S19 P. -. ' 9 59.S04 10.202.413 



Cleared... 44. T?l V.fcS.MO 14.44' .3610.389,421 



Of the total tonnage entered and cleared 10,- 

 263,013 tons were under the German and 

 5,751.954 tons under the British flag. 



Railroads, The total length of the railroads 

 open to traffic in 18S7 was 24.197 miles, of 

 which 21.112 miles belonged to the state. The 

 Government is rapidly acquiring all the re- 

 maining lines now owned and operated by 

 private companies. The total amount expend- 

 ed in the construction of German railways to 

 the end of 1886 was 9,472,606,000 marks. The 

 receipts for 1886 were 998,693,000 marks, and 

 the expen- ~~>,000 marks, showing a 



net profit of 4'42 per cent, on the capital. 



Telegraphs and Postal Service. At the end of 

 1886 the length of telegraph lines in the empire 

 was 53,874 miles, having 191.272 miles of wire. 

 The number of messages during the year was 

 20.510.294, of which 14.568.346 were internal. 



The receipts of the post-office during : 

 '87. amounted to 202.346.932 marks, and the 

 expenditure to 175.07'-.000 marks. There 

 were 18,688 post-offices, employing 97 

 persons, at the end of 1886. During the 

 there were transmitted - "0 letters, 



261,056,660 post-cards, 20.187,170 patterns, 



