374 



GERMANY. 



between France and Germany. An Alsatian 

 Government clerk named Dietz was tried, with 

 his wife, for selling information to the French 

 authorities regarding the German railroads in 

 Alsace-Lorraine, and was sentenced to a long 

 term of imprisonment. In November a Ger- 

 man ex-officer, who wss settled in France as a 

 teacher of lanapages, was arrested in the act 

 of mailing a Ler>el cartridge. These and other 

 spy incidents caused less stir than the expul- 

 sion from Prussia, on November 17, of two 

 French journalists, named Latapieh and D'Ori- 

 ot, for publishing obnoxious statements con- 

 cerning members of the royal family. 



Colonial Possessions. Germany had no depend- 

 encies beyond the seas before 1884. Since that 

 date she has established protectorates over ex- 

 tensive regions in Africa and many Hands in 

 the Pacific Ocean. In 1884, Togoland, on the 

 Slave Coast of West Africa, with Porto Seguro 

 and Little Popo, in all about 400 square miles, 

 with 40,000 inhabitants and a trade of $1,200,- 

 000 a year, was annexed, and in the same year 

 the German flag was raised over the Cameroon 

 region, extending for 300 miles along the coast, 

 from Rio del Rey on the north to the River 

 Campo on the south, and into the interior to 

 15 of east longitude, comprising 120,000 square 

 miles. The exports of Cameroons, consisting 

 mainly of oils, are valued at $3,750,000 per 

 annum. Damaraland and Namaqualand, in 

 South Africa, were taken under German pro- 

 tection between 1884 and 1886, embracing a 

 territory of 230,000 square miles, with 200,000 

 native inhabitants (see CAPE COLONY). 



In East Africa the territory acquired by the 

 German East African Society in Usagora and 

 the neighboring districts, comprising 20,700 

 square miles, was made a German protectorate 

 in 1885 by the Schutsbrief, or protecting char- 

 ter of the Emperor. In the same year Witu- 

 land, 5,200 square miles in extent, was added; 

 and in 1886, by virtue of an agreement with 

 Great Britain and Zanzibar, the German Gov- 

 ernment established a protectorate over 122,- 

 800 square miles of territory in East Africa. 

 The German acquisitions extend from Kiliman- 

 jaro mountain on the north to the River Ro- 

 vuma in the south. The total area in Africa 

 that has been brought under German domina- 

 tion is about 740,001) square miles, not includ- 

 ing 200,000 square miles in East Africa, over 

 which German traders claim to have secured 

 territorial rights, comprising the districts of 

 Khutu, Usambara, Pare, Ugono, Arusha, Djag- 

 ga, Usavamo, Ulena, Wamatshonde, Mahenge 

 Magindo, Girijania, Sabaki. the Galla country, 

 nod Dkamba Gasi. The districts that were 

 included in the protectorate before 1888 are 

 Usagara, Ukami, Ngnru, and Usegua. The 

 entire region embraced in the German sphere 

 of influence has a coast line stretching from 

 Cape Delgado in 11 of south latitude to the 

 harbor of Wanga in 4 30", and extends inland 

 to the great lakes. In accordance with a treaty 

 made with the Sultan of Zanzibar on April 



28, 1888, the German East African Company 

 has acquired a fifty-years 1 lease of the entire 

 strip of coast, with rights to all duties and 

 tolls, whereas previously the possessions of the 

 company were cut off from the sea, and it had 

 only a concurrent right to use the two harbors 

 of Dar-es-Salam and Pangam. The region 

 south of Tana is inhabited by the peaceful Sua- 

 heli tribes, while north of that river, in the 

 Galla country and on the Somali coast, dwell 

 the warlike and predatory Galla and Somali 

 tribes. The little sultanate of Witu, which 

 lies immediately north of the Tana, is admin- 

 istered by a company connected with the Ger- 

 man Colonial Association. 'Ihe territory that 

 came under German dominion by arrangement 

 with Great Britain is bounded by a line pass- 

 ing from Witu to Fungaaombo, and Mknumbi, 

 and then running to the ocean, which it strikes 

 at a point between the mouths of Mknumbi 

 and Osi rivers. The boundary on the other 

 side ascends the Osi as far as Kau, and then 

 the river Magogoni to its source, whence it 

 follows a straight line to Witu. The soil is 

 fruitful and well-watered, and on the coast are 

 several good harbors. The Germans expect 

 to find a rich field of commerce in Somaliland. 

 The country produces gum-arabic, frankin- 

 cense, myrrh, and other aromatic resins and 

 herbs, coffee of the finest quality, honey and 

 wax, ostrich -feathers, ivory, dye-woods, phar- 

 maceutical plants, cloves, cocoanuts, sesame, 

 earth-nuts, palm-oil, and gum copal, and on 

 the plateau that forms the interior the Bed- 

 ouins and pastoral Somali tribes raise herds of 

 camels that they count by thousands, as well as 

 sheep and goats, cattle, and asses in vast num- 

 bers, and all ride Arab horses of purest race. 

 There is now a large export of cattle, hides, 

 and butter. In the Suaheli country the Ger- 

 mans have experimented in the cultivation of 

 cotton, tobacco, sugar, which is already raised 

 and manufactured by the Arabs, vanilla, pep- 

 per, nutmeg, and indigo. The result of the 

 trials in tobacco-culture has encouraged them 

 to undertake planting on a large scale. The 

 specimens of cotton proved fair in quality, acd 

 much is expected from the cultivation of coffee 

 in a country that is the natural habitat of the 

 plant. The German East African Plantation So- 

 ciety has 62,000 acres planted, and has adopted 

 a system of modified slavery, contracting with 

 Indian traders, who furnish gangs of 150 negroes 

 for terms of two years, the contractors feeding, 

 housing, and overseeing the laborers. 



The northern part of southeastern New 

 Guinea, lying between Ilnmboldt Bay and 

 lluon Gulf, with an area of 70,300 square miles 

 and an estimated population of 109,000 souls, 

 was made a German possession during 1885 

 and 1886, and given the name of Kaiser Wil- 

 helm's Land. New Britain and other islands 

 lying between 141 and 154 of east longitude 

 and between 8 of south latitude and the 

 equator, having a land surface of 18,150 square 

 miles and 188,000 inhabitants, were annexed 



