GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, UNITED KINGDOM OF. 



383 



Lord George Hamilton ; Lord Chancellor of 

 Ireland, Lord Ashbourne, formerly Edward 

 Gibson ; Chief Secretary to the Lord Lieuten- 

 ant of Ireland, Arthur J. Balfour; Chancellor 

 of the Duchy of Lancaster, Lord John Man- 

 ners: President of the Board of Trade, Lord 

 Stanley: Lord Privy Seal, Earl Cadogan; 

 President of the Local Government Board, 

 Charles Thomas Ritchie; Mini-ter without 

 portfolio. Sir Michael Hicks-Beach. 



Are* and Population. The area of the United 

 Kingdom is 1-20.832 square miles, with an esti- 

 mated population in 1887 of 37,091,564-, exclu- 

 sive of the army, navy, and merchant seamen 

 abroad. At the census of 1881 the population 

 was 35.241,48217.254.109 males and 17.V'>7.- 

 373 females. The total area of the British 

 Empire is 8.981,130 square miles, and the 

 population is estimated at 310,735,840 persons. 

 In 1886 there were in the United Kingdom 

 1.145.070 births, 697,990 deaths, and 240,869 

 marriages. The number of marriages in Ire- 

 land in 1887 was 20.945, against 20.594 in 

 1886; the births 112.400. against 113.927; the 

 deaths 88,585. a_ru :i:.-t 87,898. The total num- 

 ber of emigrants from the United Kingdom 

 was 396,702 in 1887, of whom 281,487 were 

 natives of Great Britain and Ireland. The im- 

 migrants numbered 119,013, of whom 85.475 

 were natives of the British Islands. Of the 

 emigrants 296,881 went to the United States. 

 44.424 to British North America, and 35. -2 ^ 

 to Australasia. In 1886 there were 63,135 

 emigrants from Ireland. Emigration from the 

 United Kingdom, especially to the United 

 States, is found to increase whenever the gen- 

 eral prospects of trade improve. From the 

 maximum of 413. 2^8 in 1882 emigration de- 

 clined to 264.385 in 1885, and then showed a 

 large increase in 1886 and a further increase in 

 1887. The British and Irish emigrants of 1887 

 exceeded the number of any previous year since 

 the nationalities began to be distinguished ex- 

 cept 1883. The proportion of emigration to 

 population was '76 per cent., which was less 

 than in 18S2 and 1883, when it was '79 and 

 90 per cent, respectively, but was greater than 

 in any other year since 1854. The net emigra- 

 tion was 196,012 in 1887, as compared with 

 152,882 in 1886, and 122,176 in 1885. The 

 Irish percentage in the asrgresrate emigration 

 since 1853 is 41, the Scotch 10." Of the 4,888,- 

 377 emigrants to the United States from the 

 United Kingdom during 35 years, 2.165. 5:. 2 

 were Irish. In the same period 647.974 went 

 to British North America from the United 

 Kingdom, but the Irish contributed only 168,- 

 349 to the total; of 1.228.176 emigrants to 

 Australasia from 1853 to 1887, the Irish con- 

 tingent was 283,331 ; and of 271.600 who went 

 to all other places, 19.639 were Irish. Of the 

 Irish emigrants of 1887 no less than 87'6 per 

 cent, were bound for the United States. 



The population of the chief cities of the 

 United Kingdom in 1887, computed by the 

 Registrar-General, was as follows: London, 



4,215.192; Glasgow, 674.095; Liverpool, 592,- 

 991; Birmingham, 441,095 ; Manchester 

 529; Dublin, 353,082; Leeds, 345,080; Shef- 

 field, 316,288; Edinburgh, 236.002; Bristol, 

 <5; Bradford, 884,507; Nottingham, 224,- 

 ^alford, 218,658; Belfast, 208,122; Hull, 

 196,855; Newcastle-on-Tyne, 157.048. The 

 most densely populated cities are Liverpool, 

 with 114 persons to the acre ; Manchester, with 

 88; Glasgow, with 86; London, with 56; Plym- 

 outh and Birmingham, with 53 ; Bolton "and 

 Brighton, with 47; and Leicester, with 45. 



Religion. The Protestant Episcopal is the 

 established religion of the United Kingdom, 

 though all forms of religious observance are 

 freely tolerated. The Established Church num- 

 bered 1 3,500,000 members in England and Wales 

 in 1883, 76,939 in Scotland in 1884, and 62".- 

 000 in Ireland in 1888. There are 2 archbish- 

 ops and 31 bishops in England. In 1882 the 

 Church of England possessed 14.573 churches 

 and chapels, and in 1881 there were 24.0i cler- 

 gymen of all grades. The total annual income 

 of the various cathedral establishments and 

 benefices of the Church is estimated at 10,- 

 000,000. The Church of Scotland is organized 

 on the Presbyterian system of government, in 

 which the clergymen are all equal. There are 

 in all 84 presbyteries grouped into 16 synods, 

 divided into 1.320 parishes, with 1,625 churches 

 and chapels, and 1,700 clergymen in 1887. In 

 1886 there were 571,029 members or commu- 

 nicants. The Church of Ireland in 1888 had 

 2 archbishops, 11 bishops, 1,750 clergymen, 

 1,500 churches, and 620,000 members. The 

 Roman Catholics in 1887 numbered 1.354,000 

 in England and Wales, with 2,314 priests and 

 1.304 churches. In Scotland there were 326,- 

 000 members. 334 priests, and 327 churches. 

 In Ireland in 1881 the Roman Catholic popu- 

 lation was 3,960,891. The Presbyterian Dis- 

 senters from the Church of Scotland had 1,180 

 ministers, 1,118 churches, and 331.055 mem- 

 bers in 1887. The United Presbyterian Church 

 of Scotland in 1886 had 620 "ministers, 5*i5 

 churches, and 182,063 members. In 1883 the 

 Jewish population of Great Britain was esti- 

 mated at 70,000, of whom 40,000 resided in 

 London. 



Education. A royal commission on educa- 

 tion that was appointed in 1886 made its final 

 report in June, 1888. The commission recom- 

 mended that school accommodations should 

 be provided for one sixth of the population, 

 and that that should be the proportion of 

 daily attendance. The minimum space for each 

 child in school buildings should be ten square 

 feet. A supply of secondary schools should be 

 organized adequate for the wants of the whole 

 country, and promising children of poor parents 

 should be enabled to take advantage of them. 

 The classification of instruction and of Govern- 

 ment examinations should be more elastic, as 

 the present methods lead to cramming and 

 overpressure. The parliamentary grant, which 

 is distributed on the principle of payment by 



