ORE EX, SET II. 



GUATEMALA. 



405 



ing it, and increased the yield of fish until he 

 had raised the product to ninety-five per cent. 

 His main principle was, that in proportion as 

 the milt of the male fish was separated from 

 water mixed with it in a natural state, a large 

 percentage of eggs would become impregnated 

 by it. In 1864 he purchased property in Cale- 

 donia, X. Y., where he began the artificial breed- 

 ing of fish, and after his success with the salmon 

 and the tront fry, continued his undertaking un- 

 til he had hatched artificially whitefish; Ger- 

 man, California, mountain, rainbow, brook, 

 lake, and salmon trout; carp; salmon; striped 

 and Otsego bass ; sturgeon; muscalonge; gray- 

 ling ; herring ; wall-eyed pike ; mullet ; creek 

 red-side suckers; and" shiners. At his shad- 

 hatcheries, on Connecticut river, he also pro- 

 duced frogs and lobsters. By invitation, in 

 1867, of the fish commissioners of four of the 

 Xew England States, he experimented on the 

 hatching of shad at Holyoke on Connecticut 

 river, and by his method he produced 15,000,- 

 000 shad fry from spawn submitted to him, 

 and in 1868 40,000,000 shad fry were hatched 

 by his improvements. In the first- named year 

 he devised the form of floating hatching-box, 

 with a wire bottom, that tilted at an inclina- 

 tion toward the current, with which his suc- 

 cess -was so great. On the establishment of 

 the Xew York Fish Commission, in 1868, he 

 was made a member of it, and continued so 

 until his death, having been made superintend- 

 ent in 1870. In 1869 he began shad-culture in 

 Hudson river, and in 1870 he stocked the Sus- 

 quehanna, Potomac, and Savannah rivers with 

 shad. His great triumph was*lie transporta- 

 tion, in 1871, of 10.000 young shad from Hud- 

 son river across the continent to Sacramento 

 river, in California, as a result of which this 

 fish is now found in almost every stream en- 

 tering the Pacific Ocean. Upward of a million 

 marketable shad are now annually sold on the 

 Western coast. He also introduced shad into 

 the tributaries of the Ohio and Mississippi riv- 

 ers, and stocked the lakes of Xew York and 

 the Great Lakes. In 1874 he visited Au Sable 

 river, Mich., in search of the grayling, but find- 

 ing the fish had spawned, he sought for fertil- 

 ized eggs and finally succeeded in hatching out 

 these fish. He hybridized striped bass with 

 shad; shad with herrings; brook trout with 

 salmon trout ; brook trout with California 

 salmon; salmon trout with whitefish; and 

 European trout with American brook trout. 

 He was one of the earliest members of the 

 American Fish Culture Association, and his 

 name appears as an honorary or active mem- 

 ber on the rolls of nearly every society in this 

 country that has for its object fishing, hunting. 

 or the protection of fish and game. His great 

 familiarity wich trout-fishing made him famous 

 as a fly-caster, and at one time he was the 

 champion for long distances. The Socit6 

 d'Acclimation of Paris gave him two gold 

 medals, and his services were recognized by 

 various foreign governments. He published 



" Trout Culture "(Rochester, 1870), and " FMi- 

 Ilatrliiiiir and Fi<h-Catching" (1*7'.'). He was 

 called the father of American fish-culture. 



bl'ATEMALA, a republic of Central America ; 

 area, 121, 140 square kilometres: population. 

 Jan. 1, 1887, 1,357,900. The number of deaths 

 in 1887 was 23,401, while there were born 

 o'.i.7:>4 children, 18,020 of whom were white 

 and 41,714 Indian. On Jan. 1, 1888, the popu- 

 lation had increased to 1,394,:? 



Government. The President is Gen. Manuel 

 Lisandro Barillas. The Yice-President is Gen. 

 Calixto Mendizabal. The Cabinet is composed 

 of the following ministers: Foreign Affairs, 

 Don Enrique Martinez Sobral; Public Instruc- 

 tion, Don Francisco Munoz; Interior and Jus- 

 tice, F. Anguiano; Public Works, S. Barrutia; 

 Finance, Don Mauricio Rodriguez ; War, C. 

 Mendizabal. The Guatemalan Minister at 

 Washington is Don Francisco Lainfiesta; the 

 Consul-General at New York is Mr. Jacob 

 Baiz; the Consul at Xew Orleans, Don Emiliano 

 Martinez; and at San Francisco, Don Jo- M. 

 Roma. TheU. S. Minister for all Central A mer 

 ica, resident at Guatemala, is Henry C. Hall ; 

 and the Consul-General, James R. Hosmer. 



Army. The regular army is distributed among 

 the capitals of departments and a few larger 

 towns; it varies in strength, according to the 

 exigencies of the times. It did not exceed 

 2,000 in number in 1888, whereas the militia, 

 well drilled and equipped with the best of 

 modern arms, constitutes a force of 50,000 men. 



Finances. On Dec. 31, 1887, the national 

 indebtedness stood as follows : Home debt, 

 $7.659,396; foreign debt, 908,292 ($4.541.- 

 460); total, $12,200.856. The outstanding 5- 

 per-cent. loan of 1856 and the 6-per-cent. loan 

 of 1869 were converted. April 30, 1888, into a 

 4-per-cent. consolidated bonded sterling debt 

 up to July 1, 1891, from which date the inter- 

 est will be 4 per cent., but the arrears of in- 

 terest to be paid only at the rate of 72 per cent. 

 The income of the Government in 1887 was 

 $6,398,727, the outlay being an equal amount. 

 The budget for 1888 estimates the expenditure 

 at $4,135,294. During the summer and autumn 

 the discount rate in Guatemala ruled at 9 per 

 cent., and only a fraction over that for ad- 

 vances of funds on coffee. 



Postal Service. In 1887 the home mails for- 

 warded 4,523,385 items of mail-matter, as 

 compared with 3,987,489 in 1886, an increase 

 of 535,896 items. The foreign mail-matter dis- 

 patched consisted in 1887 of 186.796 ordinary 

 letters and postal-cards, 10,683 registered let- 

 ters, and 442,845 newspapers and pack 

 together, 640,324 items; in 1886 there were 

 198,168 letters and postal-cards. 8.877 regis- 

 tered letters, and 410,413 newspapers and pack- 

 ages, aggregating 617,458 items showing an 

 increase of 22,866 items. 



Telegraphs. The length of wire of the national 

 telegraphic system, early in 1- 

 miles. with 89 offices, employing 259 teleg- 

 raphers, and representing an investment of 



