428 



INDIA. 



usually the recommendations of the Govern- 

 ment of India are followed in filling these posts. 

 The covenanted civil service was formerly 

 widely separated in pay, rank, and privileges 

 from the uncovenanted, and the distinction is 

 still officially observed, although there are nu- 

 merous uncovenanted civil servants in the 

 special departments of accounts, archaeology, 

 customs, education, forests, geological survey, 

 jails, meteorological survey, mint, opium, pilot 

 service, post-office, police, public works, regis- 

 tration, salt, surveys, and telegraphs, whose 

 duties are more important and as highly re- 

 munerated as those of a large proportion of 

 the covenanted officials. Among the 941 ap- 

 pointments of the covenanted service, ranging 

 from an assistant-magistrate up to a lieutenant- 

 governor in the executive branch, and up to a 

 chief-justice of the High Court in the judicial 

 branch, only twelve are held by natives who 

 entered the service by competition in England 

 under the old rules, and forty-eight by natives 

 appointed in India direct, under the statute of 

 1870 and the rules made by Lord Lytton in 

 1879. The special services employ about 2,000 

 officials, of whom one quarter, mostly in the 

 lower grades, are natives. The uncovenanted 

 executive and judicial service, consisting of 

 deputy-magistrates and subjudges and their 

 subordinates, is mostly in the hands of natives, 

 who fill 2,449 out of 2,588 posts. Of the 114,- 

 150 posts below these, with salaries less than 

 1,000 rupees, 97 per cent, are held by natives. 

 A Civil Service Commission that was appoint- 

 ed in October, 1886, to devise a scheme that 

 will do justice to the claims of natives to higher 

 and more extensive employment in the public 

 service, has reported in favor of doing away 

 with the names "covenanted" and "uncove- 

 nanted," and dividing the civil service into 

 imperial and provincial. Instead of throwing 

 the higher grades of offices wider open for the 

 admission of natives, the commission, which 

 was composed exclusively of officials, would 

 abolish the appointment of natives under the 

 statute of 1870 and Lord Lytton's rules, and 

 compel all candidates for the imperial civil 

 service to pass the examinations in London, 

 which are to be open to applicants between 

 the ages of nineteen and twenty-three, the 

 extension of the limits of age being intended 

 to attract more university graduates, as well as 

 to satisfy the demands of the natives of India. 

 The most important changes are the attaching 

 to the provincial service of 108 offices of the 

 covenanted service and of all of the special 

 services, excepting some of the chief posts, 

 which are transferred to the imperial service. 

 By this measure the Secretary of State will be 

 deprived of the chief part of his remaining 

 patronage, and many offices that have hereto- 

 fore been held by Europeans will fall to natives, 

 who will receive much smaller salaries. 



Area and Population. The first complete cen- 

 sus of British India was taken on Feb. 17, 1881, 

 when the population was found to be 201,790,- 



753, inhabiting an area of 1,064,720 square 

 miles. The feudatory native states, in which 

 the rulers govern under the advice of the Brit- 

 ish authorities, have an aggregate area of 

 509,730 square miles, and in 1881 contained 

 55,191,742 inhabitants, making the total area 

 of India 1,574,450 square miles, and the total 

 population 256,982,495. The density of popu- 

 lation for the British territories is 229, for the 

 native states 108, and for all India 184 to the 

 square mile. The density varies from 441 per 

 square mile in Cochin, a native state in Mad- 

 ras, and 403 in the Northwest Provinces and 

 Oudh, to 79 in Rajputana and 43 in Lower 

 Burmah. The Christian population comprised 

 963,059 Roman Catholics, 353,712 Anglicans, 

 20,034 Scotch Presbyterians, 23,135 Episcopa- 

 lians, 138,200 Baptists, Congregntionalists, and 

 other Protestants, 2,142 Greeks and Arme- 

 nians, and 365,235 unspecified. The British- 

 born population of India was returned as 

 89,798, divided into 77,188 males and 12,610 

 females. There are more than one hundred 

 languages and dialects classed with languages 

 spoken in India. The numbers speaking the 

 principal languages are as follow : Ilindoostani, 

 82,497,168; Bengali, 38,965,428; Telugu, 17,- 

 000,358; Mahratti, 17,044,634; Punjabi, 15,- 

 754,793; Tamil, 13,068,279; Guzarati, 9,620,- 

 688 ; Canarese, 8,337,027- 



Emigrant labor from India is mainly recruit- 

 ed in Madras. The bulk of the emigration is 

 now directed to the Straits Settlements, to 

 Burmah, and to Ceylon, where the tea-cultiva- 

 tion and the pearl-fisheries attract coolie labor. 

 There is no emigration at present to French 

 colonies, and very little to Natal, Mauritius, or 

 any distant English colonies, excepting Trini- 

 dad and Demerara, a fact attributed to the de- 

 cline in the sugar-trade. The number of emi- 

 grants from Madras in 1887 was 126,831. The 

 Government, in September, 1888, prohibited 

 further emigration to any of the French colo- 

 nies, on the ground that the French authori- 

 ties decline to submit to a form of procedure 

 required for the protection of the coolies simi- 

 lar to that adopted in the British colonies. 



The following cities contained over 150,000 

 inhabitants: Calcutta, with its suburbs, 871,- 

 504; Bombay, 773,196; Madras, 405,848; 

 Hyderabad, 354,692; Lucknow, 261,303; Ben- 

 ares, 199,700; Delhi, 173,393; Pntna, 170,- 

 654; Agra, 160,203; Bangalore, 155,857; Am- 

 ritsar, 151,896 ; Cawnpore, 151,444. 



Education, Education has made much prog- 

 ress during the past few years. English schools 

 have been established in every district, and in 

 each of the provinces a department of educa- 

 tion, under a director and a staff of inspectors, 

 has been organized. Some of the colleges and 

 schools are entirely supported by the Govern- 

 ment, and all the higher institutions receive 

 some aid. In 1886 there were 16,048 Govern- 

 ment schools of all kinds, with 863,772 pupils; 

 61.183 missionary and other schools, with 

 1,662,835 pupils, that were partly supported 



