INDIA. 



429 



by Government grants ; and 45,412 school*, 

 with 812,454 pupil?, that received no aid. The 

 total expenditure on education in 1886 was 

 24,243. H5n rupees, of which one third was paid 

 out of governmental and provincial revenues. 

 The universities of Calcutta, Madras, and Bom- 

 bay admitted 3,802 students during the aca- 

 demic year 1885-'86. There are 106 other 

 colleges for males, and two have been estab- 

 lished for girls, which had 31 students in 

 1886. The technical, medical, industrial, and 

 other special schools number 285, with 12,667 

 students, exclusive of 33 schools for females, 

 with 832 students. The number of persons 

 receiving instruction in 1886 was 3,332,851 

 out of a population of 32,000,000 between the 

 ages of five and ten years and 43,000,000 be- 

 tween ten and twenty. Very few of the 

 Mohammedan population have received any 

 education, and hence they resist the demands 

 of the National Congress for the multiplication 

 of native employes in the civil service and the 

 establishment of a genuine system of repre- 

 sentative local self-government, since the Hin- 

 dus who have received a European education, 

 about 1,000,000 in number, would be the only 

 available candidates for official places. The 

 Government has decided to introduce stricter 

 regulations for the discipline of the schools, 

 by keeping pupils under constant supervision 

 in boarding-houses, and introducing the use of 

 the rod wherever local feeling permits, in order 

 to curb the spirit of independence that mani- 

 fests itself with adult years in demands for 

 representative institutions and assaults on the 

 Government by a satirical pressT The institu- 

 tion of a homogeneous system of education 

 nnder the guidance of the Government was 

 the result of the Educational Commission, 

 which made its report in 1883. The system 

 of board-schools that were established are 

 destined to cover eventually the whole of 

 India. The natives responded quickly to the 

 increased facilities that were afforded them. 

 Two years after the commission made its re- 

 port there were 75 per cent, more people under 

 instruction than there were two years before 

 it sat. The extension of education has not 

 been equal all over India. In Bengal, lack of 

 funds has prevented the Government from 

 carrying out the suggestions of the commis- 

 sion, and in 1886-'87 there was an actual 

 diminution in the number of pupils in the 

 inspected elementary schools, owing to the 

 withdrawal of subsidies from small temporary 

 or backward schools, while in the higher edu- 

 cational institutions of the same Government 

 there was a considerable increase of students. 

 The Mohammedans of Bengal, who were origi- 

 nally proselytized from the ignorant peasant 

 class of low-caste Hindoos, were slow to take 

 advantage of the opportunities for education, 

 bit the special efforts of the Government 

 of Lord Mayo resulted in a tenfold increase 

 of Mohammedan pupils. Until recently they 

 took no interest in higher education, and, al- 



though in the early part of the century nearly 

 all the lawyers in Calcutta were Mussulmans, 

 they disappeared from the professions and 

 Government offices from the opening of the 

 educational era till quite recently. In the 

 Northwest Provinces and Oudli. on the con- 

 trary, the Mussulmans, who constitute only 13 

 per cent, of the population, but preserve the 

 instincts of a governing aristocracy, are found 

 in the schools and colleges considerably in 

 excess of that ratio, and in open competition 

 with the Hindoos secure 34 per cent, of the ad- 

 ministrative offices and 57 per cent, of the 

 superior judicial and executive posts to which 

 natives are eligible. The Mussulman nobles 

 have founded and endowed at Aligarh one of 

 the largest and finest colleges in Islam. A 

 prime reason for the preponderance of Hindoos 

 in official and professional life is that they de- 

 vote themselves chiefly to English, mathemat- 

 ics, and other studies that are of practical advan- 

 tage, whereas Mohammedan youth of promise 

 are usually sent to the religious colleges to be- 

 come versed in Arabic and the theology and 

 laws of Islam. 



Commerce. The ocean commerce of India, 

 exclusive of Government stores and treasure, 

 amounted in 1887 to 697,100,000 rupees of im- 

 ports and 901,100,000 rupees of exports, 

 showing an increase in ten years of 131.000,- 

 000 rupees in the imports and 228,000,000 ru- 

 pees in the exports, or an expansion of 33 per 

 cent, in the total trade. The export trade in 

 the principal staples showed the following in- 

 crease in the ten years: Raw cotton, from 93,- 

 800,000 to 134,700,000 rupees : seeds, from 73,- 

 600,000 to 92,200,000 rupees ; rice, from 69,- 

 500,000 to 88,300,000 rupees: wheat, from 

 28.700,000 to 86,200,000 rupees; hides and 

 skins, from 37.500,000 to 51,400.000 rupees ; 

 tea, from 30,600,000 to 48,800,000 rupees: raw 

 jute, from 35,100,000 to 48.600.000 rupees; 

 jute manufactures, from 7,700,000 to 11.500,- 

 000 rupees; indigo, from 34,900.000 to 36,900,- 

 000 rupees : cotton twist and yarn, 7,400,000 

 to 34,100,000 rupees; cotton manufactures, 

 from 15,500,000 to 24,300,000 rupees; wool, 

 from 9,600, 000 to!3,400,000 rupees; coffee, from 

 13,400.000 to 15,100,000 rupees. Opium showed 

 a falling off, the export in 1878 having been 

 valued at 123,700,000 rupees, and in 1887 

 at 110,700,000 rupees. The exports of gums 

 and resins increased each year till 1887, 

 when they fell below the value in 1878, owing 

 to exceptional causes. Jewelry, sugar, wood, 

 woolen manufactures, and raw silk show a 

 considerable and increasing decline, while the 

 exports of hemp, ivory, and coir, and their 

 manufactures, of the manufactures of silk, of 

 drugs and medicines, and of oils, spices, and 

 tobacco have grown in importance. The sea- 

 borne imports of merchandise, exclusive of 

 Government stores, in the year ending March 

 31, 1887, were valued at 586,960.710 r 

 and the imports of treasure on private account 

 at 110.4S3.-22') rupees, making a total of 697,- 



