MANITOBA. 



MARS, RECENT STUDIES OF. 511 



as follows : Gen. Harrison, 73,734 ; Mr.Cleve- 

 land, 50.481 ; Gen. Fisk, 2,691 ; and Mr. Sw^t- 

 or. 1.344. Four Republican Congressmen were 

 re-elected. In the Legislature the Republicans 

 elected ever}' one of tlie 31 members of the 

 Senate, and 126 members of the House, leav- 

 ing tlie Democrats 26. Of 99 county officers, 

 sheriffs, probate judges, county attorneys, etc., 

 the Republicans have elected 96 and the Demo- 

 crats 3. 



The official count of the votes on the two 

 amendments at the September election resulted 

 as follows : For lengthening the term of the 

 State Treasurer, yes. 12.974; no. 10,249. For 

 annual sessions of the Legislature, yes, 5,776 ; 

 no, 39,320. 



MAMTOBA. The agitation in the province 

 on the question of railway monopoly (see " An- 

 nual Cyclopaedia" for 1887, page 455) brought 

 about the downfall of the Xorquay Govern- 

 ment in January, 1888. An attempt by the 

 Conservatives to retain power by forming a 

 ministry under the leadership of the Hon. 

 Thomas Harrison, failed. The Hon. Thomas 

 Greenway then formed a Government, which 

 is composed as follows : Premier and Minister 

 of Agriculture, Thomas Greenway; Attorney- 

 General and Railway Commissioner, Joseph 

 Martin ; Provincial Treasurer, Lyman M. Jones ; 

 Minister of Public Works, James S. Martin ; 

 Provincial Secretary, J. E. Prendergast. On 

 July 2, John Schultz was sworn in as Lieuten- 

 ant-Governor. At the general elections, July 

 11, the Greenway Government (Liberal) carried 

 34 out of 38 constituencies. 



Railway Monopoly. In March, Messrs. Green- 

 way and Martin went to Ottawa to consult the 

 Dominion Government with reference to the 

 abandonment of its policy of disallowance. 

 The deputation at first met with no encourage- 

 ment, the attitude of the Dominion Government 

 on this question beirg defined in a memoran- 

 dum, prepared by a sub-committee composed of 

 the Ministers of the Interior and of Justice, 

 which was transmitted to London on January 

 4. But finally Mr. Greenway obtained a prom- 

 ise that the disallowance policy should be 

 abandoned, and the Dominion Government 

 entered into an agreement with the Canadian 

 Pacific Railway for the abandonment of the 

 monopoly clause of its charter, in considera- 

 tion of the Government guaranteeing three and 

 one half per cent, interest on its land-grant 

 bonds to the extent of $15,000,000 for fifty 

 years. Sir Charles Tapper, on May 11, moved 

 resolutions in the Flouse of Commons sanction- 

 ing this agreement, which was carried. The 

 Government justified its change of base, on the 

 ground that the enormous wheat-crop of 1888, 

 resulting in a blockade of the Canadian Pacific 

 Railway, had wrought a material change in the 

 condition of affairs. The Opposition insisted 

 that the conversion of the Government was 

 due to the threatening attitude of the people 

 of Manitoba, and to the growing sympathy 

 with them in other parts of the Dominion. 



Although the Canadian Pacific Railway had 

 relinquished its monopoly privilege in May. it 

 contrive'!, by a process of systematic obstruc- 

 tion and litigation, to prevent the construction 

 of the Red River Valley Railway during 1888. 

 Grain-Crop. The annual report of the Win- 

 nipeg Board of Trade for 1888 give- the fol- 

 lowing particulars of the grain crop of the 

 Province in 1887: 



The returns show an aggregate of - 

 reduced to flour, of whic'u nearly ! it the 



province. In wheat 8,500,000 buVi;. ortcd. 



The refusal of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company 

 to give traffic figures made it impossible to obtain 

 close returns of the barley and oats sent out, V>ut it 

 is established that not less than 350,000 bushels of the 

 first and 1,000,000 bushels ol the last named were ex- 

 ported. The exports or' flax, oatmeal, potatoes, 

 tables, wool, hides, fish, and dairy products were large. 

 The total value of the farm produce and fish sent out 

 of the province was over $7,000,000 at local market 

 prices to the producer. The census shows that 16,000 

 farmers cultivated the soil in 1S67. These fanners 

 raised 14,000,000 bushels of wheat. The wheat-land 

 area under crop was 432,000 acres. 



MARS, RECEM STTDIES OF. The map of the 



planet Mars accompanying this article is a re- 

 production of that presented by Prof. Edward 

 S. Holden in the New York " Herald " of Nov. 

 28, 1888, entitled " Mars as seen through the 

 Lick Telescope." The canals it represents are 

 either natural or artificial, due, upon the one 

 hand, to the forces that accompanied the geo- 

 logical formations of the surface, or, upon the 

 other, to a system of engineering projected 

 by beings like ourselves and designed for the 

 purpose of establishing a means of communi- 

 cation between the inhabitants of the entire 

 planet. If they are due to the latter cause, 

 then a discovery has been made of the highest 

 importance to the development of cosmical sci- 

 ence ; and for this reason it would seem wise 

 on our part to pass it carefully in review before 

 the best efforts of logic we can summon to our 

 assurance. The writer, therefore, submits for 

 consideration the conclusions he has drawn 

 from a careful study of the map, and begs to 

 explain that his earliest experience in the sci- 

 ence of engineering was the construction of 

 "water-ways" in the primitive forest for the 

 purpose of making every available stream nav- 

 igable for floating down timber and for passing 

 small vessels up and down stream. To one 

 having such experience the markings on the 

 map of Mars present peculiar analo_ 



One of the prominent features of our system 

 of engineering was to avail ourselves of every 

 natural water-way that would save labor and 

 expense, such as lakes, long, deep stretches of 

 streams, rivers, etc. If the reader will look on 

 the map at a place on the thirtieth parallel of 

 north latitude, named Lake Nillacus. lie will 

 observe that six of those canals enter this sheet 

 of water from different directions. The lake 

 is nearly as broad as it is long, and covers more 

 than eighteen degrees of both latitude and 

 longitude, which, at the thirtieth parallel of 

 latitude upon Mars, means that the lake is 



