OBITUARIES, FOREKiX. 



663 



responsible for the sacrifice of the Light Brigade on 

 that clay. Hi' was made a major-genera! 

 a field-inarshal the year U-t -re his -loath. 



Lnpton, Bey, an English officer in the Egyptian serv- 

 d in Kliartouin. in June. l>^s. He went to 

 Khart'Uim witii Gen. Gordon. and when the place was 

 taken by the Muhdi he was made a pri-oner and put 

 at menial tasks, but subsequently was given the tech- 

 nical direction of the arsenal. 



Maclay, Mikuloho, a Russian explorer, bom in l^W : 

 died in .St. Petersburg. April 15. l^S. He came of 

 half Scotch and half Cossack parentage, was edu- 

 cate'! at the University of St. Petersburg and in Ger- 

 many, went to the P'acifie in IsCO, and settled in an 

 unexplored part of the coast of Papua, where he iu- 

 .ted the natural history and ethnology of the 

 island, and acquired great iufluencs over the natives. 

 He endeavored to induce the Russian Government to 

 annex the country of his adherents when New Guinea 

 was divided between Germany and Great Britain, and 

 returned to Russia with the object of founding a Rus- 

 sian colony among the Papuans and of composing an 

 account of his travels. lie had only half completed 

 . k when he died. 



Maine, Sir Henry James Snmner, an English jurist, 

 born in ISi-i; died in Cannes. France, Feb. 3, 1888. 

 He distinguished himself at Cambridge in classics and 

 mathematics, became a tutor in Trinity College, of 

 which he was aiterward master, and in 1~>47 was elect- 

 Jus Professor of Civil Law. He published in 

 : e.->ay on " Roman Law and Legal Education," 

 and contributed frequently to periodical literature, 

 but published no impo_rtaut worlv till 1861, when his 

 "Ancient Law" was issued. This work was based 

 on the earlier labors of Savigny and other German 

 .jurists, but it was the fir.-t presentation in the Eng- 

 lish language of the study of earl v institutions by the 

 method of comparative ,'urisprudence, and as such 

 produced a profound effect in England and America. 

 A year after its publication the author was appointed 

 legal member of the Council of the Governor-General 

 of India. He was the chief author of the reform of 

 land tenures in India that was carried out under Lord 

 Lawrence's administration. The understanding and 

 rc-pect for indigenous institutions which have" been 

 the aim of recent Indian administrations are largely 

 attributable to the influence of Sir Heniy Maine. 

 Alter his return to England in 1^71 he was appointed 

 a member of the Council of the Secretary of State 

 for India, and created a knight of the Star of India. 

 He held the Corpus professorship of Jurisprudence 

 which was created for him at the University of Oxford 

 from 1871 till 1S78, and from 1S77 till his death filled 

 the post of Master of Trinity, although his duties at 

 the Indian Council, of which he was one of t!. 

 influential members, made it necessary for him to 

 continue his residence in London. In 1SS5 he was 

 oftered the post of permanent Under-Secretary of State 

 for the Home Department, but declined the'appoint- 

 ment. Sir Henry Maine's experience in India enabled 

 him to bring valuable original contributions to the 

 science of the evolution of laws and political institu- 

 Soon after his return he published the first 

 r' his ' Village Communities in the East and 

 ^ , st, 1 ' embodying and supplementing the researches 

 of Maurcr, Xasse. and others. In i 875 appeared " Lect- 

 ures on the Early History of Institutions." which was 

 followed in 1883' by Dissertations on Early L;. 



is." He delivered a lecture at Cambridge inl^o 

 on "The ErlVcts of Observation of India on Modern 

 European Thought," and in 1878 lectured at Oxford 

 on '' Modern Theories of Succession to Property after 

 Death, and the Correctness of them suggested by 

 Recent Researches.'' His latest work was " Popular 

 Government," which originally appeared as a series 

 of articles in the " Quarterly Review.'' The Whewell 

 Lectures on " International Law" delivered at Cam- 

 bridge in 1^S7 were published after his death. 



Mancini, Pasqnale Stanislas, an Italian statesman, born 

 in Castel-Baronia, near Ariano, in 1817 ; died in Na- 



nl<-. I tec. 26, 1S-8. He studied law in Naples, becom- 

 rhe University. When the revolu- 

 tion of Is45 broke out, he eapOUMd th<- Md< of the 

 Parliament, and alter the >uj>i>re-.-ioii \ the disturb- 

 eiit int<> exile, i ' Turin, where he 



became l'rotc'>r of International Law. He wa- 

 the most earnest pioneers in the cause of Italian unity, 

 and on the constitution of the kingdom !. 

 to represent the circle of Ariano in Parliament. Tak- 

 ing his seat among the Left, he became one of the 

 leaders of the party. When the Liberals gained the 

 ascendancy, two years later, and the Ratszzi Cabinet 

 was formed in i-'l-J, Mancini was :ippoii,tcd to t. 

 partment of Public Instruction. The measure with 

 which his name is identified is the abolition of capital 

 punishment, which he carried in 1^65. after having 

 gained the reluctant consent of his political associates. 

 Public opinion in Italy is not yet settled as to the 

 expediency of this measure, which did away with the 

 death penalty for all crimes except parricide and regi- 

 cide. There was an apparent increase of crimes of 

 violence, causing Parliament to repeal the law in 1^74 ; 

 yet it was again enacted in March, 1^76. when Man- 

 cini was Mim.ster of Justice in the Depretis Cabinet. 

 He retired from office in 1878. He filled the chair of 

 Criminal Jurisprudence in the University of Rome 

 from 1--72 till his death, and was the author of many 

 legal treatises, one of which was a " Projet de Code 

 Penal Unique." the first part of which was presented 

 to the French Academy of Moral Sciences in 1^77. 



Martinelli, Tommaso Maria, an Italian prelate, born in 

 1^.'7 : died in Rome. March 30. 1S8S. He was a mem- 

 ber of the Augustinian order and one of the most 

 learned theologians ct the Catholic Church. He was 

 created a cardinal in 1>73, becoming Bishop of Sabina 

 and one of the six cardinal-bishops, and was made 

 Prelect of the Congregation of the Index. He received 

 the largest number of votes at the first ballot for a 

 successor to Pius IX ; but exerted his influence in fa- 

 vor of Cardinal Pecci, who became Leo XIII. 



Matout, Louis, a French painter, born in Charleville, 

 Ardennes, in 1813; died in, Paris. Jan. ZO. 1S88. He 

 studied architecture at the Ecole des Beaux Arts, but 

 afterward turned his attention to historical painting. 

 He was commissioned by the Government in 1846 to 

 paint pictures representing the " Five Senses," and 

 was sent to Rome for the purpose. Two of these he 

 completed, which were exhibited in the Salon of 1848, 

 together with '' Le Dieu Pan au Milieu des Nymphes." 

 He passed several years in Algiers, and on his return 

 decorated the Paris Medical School, for which he 

 was given the Legion of Honor in 1857. Among his 

 works are " Minerve," ''Dar.se Antique." " Ariane 

 endormie"(1874)," Venus Pandcmos" (1S76' 1 ," Saint 

 Jacques le Majeur" (1877), "Jesus chez Simon le 

 Pharisien" 1879 . and " St. Louis" (1 



Molbech, Christian Knnt Friedrich, a Danish poet, born 

 nhagen. Julv 21, IM:!; died there. May 20, 

 1888. He published a succession of lyric and dra- 

 matic works, among which were a series of poems on 

 "The Life of Jesus," " Barbarossa,'' "Dante," and 

 other dramas, a collection of sonnets called " Madon- 

 na,' 1 another ot lyrics, and a highly commended trans- 

 lation of Dante. In 1864 he became Professor of Da- 

 nish Literature in the University of Kiel. Subsequently 

 he was the literary critic of the " Dagblad " Y Copen- 

 hagen, and in 1871 he became censor of the Royal 

 Theatre, for which he composed " Ambrosius," 

 " Pharaoh's Ring," and other plays, besides transla- 

 tions and adaptations. He was al'so the author of a 

 biographical study on Ludvig Hoi berg, the Danish 

 dramatist, and of "a comedy that was written for the 

 unveiling of a statue to that poet. 



Motgredien, Augustas, an English economist, born in 

 lied near London. March 3". l^SS. He was 

 the author of Free Trade and English Commerce," 

 " History of the Free-Trade Movement," " Wealth 

 Creation." "Trade Depression, Recent and Pres- 

 ent." " The Western Farir.er of America," and " Eng- 

 land's Foreign Policv." 



