676 



PECULIAR PEOPLE. 



PENNSYLVANIA. 



caused the invention to be patented, nor that the in- 

 ventor who makes the application here is one of our 

 citizens. Edison Electric Light Company vs. United 

 States Electric Lighting Company, xhiij 1,456. 



It is difficult to find invention in mixing or putting 

 together, in a dry state, two materials, it being old to 

 mix the same materials during the process of manu- 

 facturing or brewing. Geis vs. Kimber, xliv, 108. 



Where a patent has been found to be valid by a 

 circuit court at an earlier date upon the same evidence 

 as now exhibited, and since that date the Supreme 

 Court has defined more strictly the line between mere 

 mechanical skill and the exercise of invention, it is 

 no longer the duty of the last circuit court to follow 

 and adopt the adjudication of the former court. The 

 Eubbcr and Celluloid Harness Trimming Company 

 vs. The India-Eubber Comb Company, xhv, 343. 



For several important points in this connection, see 

 Eussia Cement Company vs. Le Page, xliv, 833. 



The inventor's consent to or allowance of the pub- 

 lic use or sale of his invention is not requisite to in- 

 validate a patent. Campbell vs. The Mayor, etc. of 

 New York, xliv, 1,185. 



Three things are requisite to the acquisition of a 

 title to a trade-mark. First, the person desiring to 

 acquire the title must adopt some mark not in use to 

 distinguish goods of the same class or kind already on 

 the market ; second, he must apply his mark to some 

 article of traffic ; third, he must put his article marked 

 with his mark on the market. Mere adoption of the 

 mark and a public declaration that the mark so 

 adopted will be used to distinguish goods to be put 

 on the market at a future time, create no right, no 

 title arises until the thing is actually on the market 

 marked with the particular mark. Schneider et al. 

 vs. Williams xlv. 1,400. 



A "sale," to invalidate a patent, must have been 

 completely effected more than two years before the 

 application for the patent. Campbell vs. The Mayor, 

 etc. of New York, xlv, 345. 



For limitation of the Ganlard and Gibbs converter 

 system of distributing electric energy, see Westing- 

 house Electric Company vs. The Sun Electric Com- 

 pany, xlv, 710. 



PECULIAR PEOPLE. The sect of Peculiar 

 People was established in Essex, England, about 

 half a century ago ; and, while members of the 

 body have removed to London and other parts 

 of the United Kingdom, and some have emi- 

 grated to the colonies, it still exists in its great- 

 est strength in that county, and chiefly at 

 Prittlewell. The name of the body is taken 

 from the Scripture, and the particular tenet for 

 which they are principally known is founded 

 on these words of St. James: "Is any sick 

 among you ? let him call for the elders of the 

 Church; and let them pray over him, anoint- 

 ing him with oil in the name of the Lord : and 

 the prayer of faith shall save the sick, and the 

 Lord shall raise him up." They argue that 

 this text proves that medical aid is needless, 

 and when a member of the body falls sick, the 

 elders pray over him and anoint him, and then 

 leave nature to take its course. Their stead- 

 fast adherence to this belief and practice has 

 many times brought them in conflict with the 

 laws which require a certain amount of care 

 and attention to be given to children and the 

 sick. Members of the sect have been prose- 

 cuted for neglect of those dependent upon 

 them in not calling medical aid to their relief; 

 and, in cases where the patients died, prosecu- 

 tions for manslaughter have been instituted 



against those responsible for their care. Con- 

 viction in the latter kind of cases is, however, 

 difficult, because medical men are not able or 

 willing to declare positively that if called in 

 they would have advised measures that would 

 have saved life. Hence only one conviction is 

 recorded against them for this offense. Aside 

 from this idiosyncrasy the Peculiar People are 

 reputed to be exemplary in the social virtues. 

 "While none among them are wealthy and 

 few are above the condition of laborers, they 

 never permit one of the " brethren " to become 

 chargeable to the poor-rates. They are faithful 

 and careful in their family relations, always 

 make full provision of wholesome food, are 

 strict abstainers from intoxicating drinks, are 

 neat and cleanly, and are orderly citizens, no 

 instance being known of any of them having 

 been brought before the courts, except in con- 

 nection with their single peculiarity. Their 

 Church polity is of a very simple character. 

 They recognize a single head or bishop, who is 

 at present Mr. Samuel Harrod, from whose de- 

 cisions there is no appeal. Their worship is 

 marked by earnest singing of easy tunes, usu- 

 ally without the aid of musical instruments. 

 For the most part their meetings are held in 

 barns and other buildings of that character ; 

 but they have erected a few special places of 

 worship, to which members of congregations 

 are often drawn from considerable distances. 



PENNSYLVANIA. State Government. The fol- 

 lowing were the State officers during the year : 

 Governor, James A. Beaver, Republican ; Lieu- 

 tenant-Governor, \Yilliam T. Davies ; Secre- 

 tary of State, Charles W. Stone; Treasurer, 

 William B. Hart; Auditor-General, A. Wilson 

 Norris (who died on May 21); Secretary of 

 Internal Affairs, Thomas J. Stewart ; Attorney- 

 General, W. S. Kirkpatrick ; Superintendent 

 of Public Instruction, E. E. Higbee; Insurance 

 Commissioner, J. M. Forster ; Chief-Justice of 

 the Supreme Court, Isaac G. Gordon ; Justices, 

 Edward M. Paxson, John Trunk ey, James P. 

 Sterrett, Henry Green, Silas M. Clark, and 

 Henry W. Williams. Justice Trunkey died on 

 June 24, and the Governor appointed Alfred 

 Hand to fill the vacancy, his commission dating 

 from July 31 and continuing till the first Mon- 

 day of January, 1889. 



Finances. TJie Legislature of 1887 made ap- 

 propriations amounting to nearly $17,000,000, 

 but the revenues were about two millions less, 

 and several important public works were neces- 

 sarily postponed, including the remodeling of 

 the legislative building, and the enlargement of 

 the House of Refuge in Philadelphia. The 

 revenues have also been crippled by the de- 

 cision of the Supreme Court of the United 

 States, that what was known as the "gross- 

 receipts tax" is unconstitutional so far a.s it is 

 a tax on interstate commerce. The loss in 

 revenue from this source in 1888 was about 

 $800,000, but owing to the thorough collec- 

 tion of claims due the State, little embarrass- 

 ment was experienced. The receipts for the 



