RUSSIA. 



723 





ginning with a salary of 80 a year. Mean- 

 while he continued his publishing-house, also 

 doing some stationery business, which proved 

 profitable and increased his capital for other 

 ventures. He removed to Soho Square in 1843, 

 and began the publication of Barnes's >% Notes 

 on the Old and New Testaments," in twenty- 

 one volumes. In 1848 he began the " Railway 

 Library," with "The Pilot," by J. Fenimore 

 Cooper, and the series is still continued, now 

 numbering upward of a thousand volumes. It 

 includes the " Colleen Bawn," of which 30.000 

 copies were sold, and " The Romance of War." 

 of which more than 100,000 copies have been 

 sold. Another series, called the " Popular 

 Library," comprising travels, biography, and 

 miscellaneous works, was begun about the same 

 time. In 1852 he removed to Farringdon 

 Street, and there published an edition of " Un- 

 cle Tom's Cabin," of which over 500,000 copies 

 were sold, also a companion volume, called 

 " The White Slave,'' of which 100,000 copies 

 were sold. Of Miss Warner's "Wide, Wide 

 World " and " Queechy " enormous editions 

 were disposed of. These editions of American 

 books were all " pirated," no compensation be- 

 ing given to the authors. In 1853 Mr. Rout- 

 ledge entered into an engagement with Sir Ed- 

 ward Bulwer, to pay him a sum of 20.000 for 

 a term of ten years, to republish nineteen of 

 his novels in the "Railway Library." Ulti- 

 mately he paid this author in all 40.000 for 

 his works. Mr. Routledge came to New York 

 in 1854, and established an agency. Later, he 

 was the first to publish an edition of Oliver 

 Wendell Holmes' s poems in England, and in 

 1855 issued Longfellow's poetical works, illus- 

 trated by John Gilbert, whose drawings were 

 engraved by Dalziel Brothers. In 1857 he be- 

 gan the publication of Shakespeare's works in 

 monthly parts, illustrated by Gilbert. This 

 edition was edited by Howard Staunton, and 

 the outlay, exclusive of printing and binding, 

 was 10,000. Another important work issued 

 by him was the Rev. J. G. Wood's " Natural 

 History," for which the plant cost 16,000. 

 In 1868 he issued Longfellow's "New England 

 Tragedy," and later his translation of Dante. 

 He began in 1883 the "Universal Library," 

 edited by Henry Morley, comprising standard 

 works of the best old authors. In all, Mr. 

 Routledge published more than 5,000 volumes 

 during the fifty years that he was in business, an 

 average of two a week. He retired from busi- 

 ness in 1887, and at that time a public dinner 

 was given him. Mr. Routledge was a justice 

 of the peace in Carlisle, and deputy lieutenant 

 of Cumberland County. 



RUSSIA, an empire in Northeastern Europe. 

 The supreme legislative, executive, and judicial 

 authority resides in the Emperor, who is as- 

 sisted by the Council of the Empire, which 

 examines every project of law ; the Senate, 

 which promulgates every new law and is the 

 high court of justice f<>r the empire; the Holy 

 Synod, which superintends ecclesiastical affairs 



and decides religious questions; and the Com- 

 mittee of Ministers. 



The reigning Emperor is Alexander III, born 

 Feb. 26, 1845, who succeeded to the throne at 

 his father's death by assassination, March 13, 

 1881. The heir-apparent is the Grand Duke 

 Nicholas, born May 18, 1868, eldest son of the 

 Czar and of the Czarina Maria Dagmar, a 

 daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark. 

 The Czar's Cabinet of Ministers is composed as 

 follows: Minister of the Imperial Household, 

 Gen. Count Vorontzoff-Dashkoff ; Minister of 

 Foreign Affairs, Nicholas Carlovich de Giers ; 

 Minister of War, Gen. Vannofsky ; Minister of 

 Marine, Vice-Admiral Shestakoff ; Minister of 

 the Interior, Count Tolstoi ; Minister cf Public 

 Instruction, M. Delyanoff ; Minister of Finance. 

 M. Vyshnegradsky ; Minister of Justice, M. 

 Manasein ; Minister of Domains, M. Ostroi'sky ; 

 Minister of Public Works and Railroads, Ad- 

 miral Possiet ; Comptroller-General of the 

 Treasury, M. Solsky. The Grand Dukes Michael 

 and Constantine are also members of the Com- 

 mittee of Ministers, the President of which is 

 M. Bunge. ex-Minister of Finance. 



Area and Population. The area of the geo- 

 graphical divisions of the Russian Empire, in 

 square miles, and their population in 1885 are 

 given in the following table : 



The population of Russia in Europe and Po- 

 land together is 89.6^5,480, consisting of 44,- 

 5-24. 239 males and 45,161,250 females. The 

 population of the Caucasus consists of 3,876,- 

 868 males and 3,407,679 females; that of Sibe- 

 ria of 2,146,411 males and 2,002,879 females; 

 that of Central Asia ir.to 2,448,085 males and 

 2,207,563 females. The following cities in Eu- 

 ropean Russia contained more than 100,000 

 inhabitants in 1885: St. Petersburg, 861,303; 

 Moscow, 753,469; Warsaw. 454.298; Odessa, 

 240,000; Riga, 175.332; Kharkov, 171,416; 

 Kiev, 165.561; Kasan, 139,915; Saratov, 1-22,- 

 829; Kishinev, 120,074; Lodz, 113.413 : Vilna, 

 102.^45. The largest cities of Russia in Asia 

 are Tashkend, with 121,410 inhabitants, and 

 Tiflis. the capital of the Caucasus, with a popu- 

 lation of 89,551. The population of St. Peters- 

 burg on June 27, 1888, was 842,883, of which 

 number 488.990 were males. This shows a 

 falling off of 85,133 as compared with 1881, 

 and even this does not measure the entire de- 

 cline, because the former census was taken in 

 the winter, and does not include workmen from 

 the provinces engaged in building, who figure 

 for 41,696 in the returns for 1888. 



