754 



SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 



Tumors of the larynx are frequently removed 

 by making an incision through the front of the 

 organ, which is afterward closed. Complete 

 removal of the larynx for cancer has been done 

 successfully in a sufficient number of instances 

 to prove it to be a justifiable operation in ex- 

 ceptionally favorable cases. The death-rate 

 from the operation is very high, but in consid- 

 ering this point we must remember that the 

 disease is fatal, and that, without the operation, 

 the patient's life can be but short. We are 

 limited in our ability to operate on the lungs. 

 The attempt has been made to cure localized 

 consumption by excision ; but, with our present 

 skill, the undertaking is too dangerous. Some 

 very brilliant results, however, have been ob- 

 tained in the treatment of abscess of the lungs 

 by surgical means. 



The Eye. Here, also, has been a steady ad- 

 vance, though little that is entirely new has 

 been done. Since the last writing some suc- 

 cessful transplantations of animals' eyes have 

 been made on human subjects. The object is 

 to furnish a living artificial eye. It is hoped, 

 in young patients, that the eye (of a young ani- 

 mal) will cause the orbital cavity to continue 

 to grow as does the unaffected one, so that 

 there shall be but little difference in size at the 

 time of maturity. 



SWEDEN AND "NORWAY, two kingdoms in the 

 north of Europe united in one sovereignty by 

 the act promulgated Aug. 6, 1815. They have 

 a common diplomacy, which is directed by a 

 Council of State composed of Swedes and Nor- 

 wegians. The reigning sovereign is Oscar II, 

 born Jan. 21, 1829, who succeeded to the throne 

 in 1872. 



SWEDEN. The Diet consists of two cham- 

 bers, both elective. The First Chamber has 

 143 members, elected by the provincial and 

 municipal bodies for nine years. The Second 

 Chamber contains 222 members, of whom 76 

 represent the towns and 140 the rural districts, 

 elected for three years. The King, in the ex- 

 ercise of the executive power, in making ap- 

 pointments to office, in concluding treaties, 

 and in legislating on matters of political ad- 

 ministration, acts under the advice of a Coun- 

 cil of State, which was composed, in 1888, of 

 the following members: Oskar R. Themptan- 

 der, Minister of State ; Count Albert Carl Lars 

 Ehrensviird, Minister of Foreign Affairs; Nils 

 Henrik Vul't von Steyern, Minister of Justice; 

 Gen. Knut Axel Ryding, Minister of War; 

 Baron Carl Gustaf von Otter, Minister of Ma- 

 rine; Julius Edvard von Krusenstjerna, Minis- 

 tar of the Interior; Baron Claes Gustaf Adolf 

 Tamm, Minister of Finance; Carl Gustaf Ham- 

 marskjold, Minister of Education and Ecclesi- 

 astical Affairs ; Johan Henrik Loven ; and 

 Johan Christer Emit Richert. 



Finances. The budget for 1889 makes the 

 ordinary receipts 18,929,000 kroner, and the 

 extraordinary receipts 65,280,000 kronor, giv- 

 ing a total sum, with 3,472,000 kronor remain- 

 ing in the treasury from the previous year, of 



87,681,000 kronor. The ordinary receipts are 

 made up of 4,435,000 kronor from land-taxes, 

 2,700,000 kronor from farmed domains, 1,600,- 

 000 kronor from forests, 1,200,000 kronor from 

 tonnage dues, 6,000,000 kronor net receipts 

 from railways, 1,200,000 kronor from tele- 

 graphs, and 1,794,000 kronor from other 

 sources. The customs revenue, amounting to 

 36,000,000 kronor, the postal receipts of 6,- 

 580,000, the stamp -tax, yielding 3,500,000 

 kronor, the spirit duty, amounting to 15,000,- 

 000 kronor, the income tax, reckoned at 3,600,- 

 000 kronor, and the sugar duty and other re- 

 ceipts, amounting to 600,000 kronor, consti- 

 tute the extraordinary receipts. The ordinary 

 expenditures are estimated at 65,493,411 kro- 

 nor. The capital of the public debt, which 

 was contracted exclusively for the construc- 

 tion of railways, was 245,967,703 kronor on 

 Jan. 1, 1888. 



The Army. The Swedish army in 1888 num- 

 bered 9 general officers, 38 officers on the staff, 

 974 officers and men in the engineer corps, 

 4,520 in the artillery, 4,974 in the cavalry, 27,- 

 468 in the infantry, and 303 in the transport 

 service, making a total of 38,289 inclusive of 

 civil employes. The enlisted troops, counting 

 only rank and file, numbered 9,423, and the 

 cantoned troops 26,657. Including the hem- 

 Ting, or militia, the forces of the kingdom had 

 a total strength of 194,577 officers and men, 

 with 246 cannon and 6,178 horses. 



The Navy. The naval force in 1887 com- 

 prised 15 armored gunboats, 16 sloop gun- 

 boats, 1 school-ship, 1 frigate, 3 corvettes, 

 3 avisos, 1 torpedo school-ship, 18 torpedo- 

 boats, 6 transports, and 6 sailing-vessels. 



Commerce. The imports in 1886 were of the 

 total value of 301,366,000, kronor as compared 

 with 340,003,000 kronor in 1885 and 325,817,- 

 000 kronor in 1884. The value of the exports 

 was 228,398,000 kronor, as compared with 

 246,271,000 kronor in 1885 and 238,612,000 

 kronor in 1884 (1 krona = 27 cents). Nearly 

 one third of the imports in 1886 came from 

 Germany, one fourth from Great Britain, and 

 one seventh from Denmark, while of the ex- 

 ports nearly one half went to Great Britain, 

 and one third were divided between Denmark, 

 Germany, and France. The imports of textile 

 manufactures in 1885 were valued at 53,929,- 

 186 kronor, and those of textile materials and 

 yarn at 29,686,080 kronor. Grain and flour 

 were imported to the amount of 46,813,719 

 kronor, while the exports amounted to 28,544,- 

 414 kronor. The imports of groceries amount- 

 ed to 41,535,545 kronor; of coal, 25,000,000 

 kronor; of metal goods and machinery, 28,- 

 682,618 kronor. the imports of live animals 

 and animal food-products were valued at 22,- 

 490,777 kronor. and the exports at 33,772,438 

 kronor. The timber exports were 107,215,793 

 kronor in value, and those of raw metals 34,- 

 751,320 kronor. 



Communications. There were in operation at 

 the end of 1887 2,496 kilometres of state rail- 



