850 



ZANZIBAR. 



ferences, of which the eleventh, in Stockholm, 

 was opened Aug. 15. About 400 delegates 

 attended ; Bishop K. H. Gez von Scheele, of 

 Visby, Sweden, was president. The review 

 of the association work showed that it had 

 increased largely in Germany, Switzerland, 

 Holland, Norway, Sweden, and Paris. The 

 following subjects were considered in formal 

 written papers, with general discussions fol- 

 lowing them; "What the Bible says to the 

 Young Men of Our Day," " What Means ought 

 to be employed for the Spiritual Development 

 of the Members and for the Conversion of 

 Young Men in general," " The Mutual Duties 

 of Members of the Young Men's Christian As- 

 sociation," " The Means which ought to be 

 employed by the Association for the Moral 

 Development of their Members," " Creation 



and Organization of Associations," " Different 

 Kinds of Young Men's Christian Associations," 

 " The Eeal Source of Life for our Associa- 

 tions,'' " The Different Means employed for the 

 Plivsical Development of Young Men," "The 

 Young Men's Christian Association as com- 

 pared with the True and False Socialism," and 

 " The Association's Work in Non-Protestant 

 Countries." Public meetings, held in the after- 

 noon of each of the five days of the session of 

 the Conference, were addressed by Messrs. Gus- 

 tave Topfel, President of the Executive Cen- 

 tral Committee; Krummacher, of Elberfeld ; 

 Scholt, of Drammen ; Williams, of London ; 

 Frommel, court chaplain at Berlin ; Hoskins, of 

 London ; Beck, of Denmark ; Lyons, of France ; 

 Favre, of Geneva; Morse, of New York; Far- 

 well, of Chicago, and others. 



Z 



ZANZIBAR, a monarchy on the eastern coast 

 of Africa. The reigning Sultan or Seyyid is 

 Khalifa, who succeeded his brother, Bargash 

 ben-Said, on March 27, 1888. The island of 

 Zanzibar has an area of 1,590 square kilometres, 

 or 625 square miles. The Sultan's authority 

 formerly extended along the coast of the main- 

 land from Warsheikh to Delgado Bay, about 

 900 miles. In 1886 Germany established a 

 protectorate over the interior, from the river 

 Rovuma northward to Kilimandjaro. North 

 of that mountain, as far as Tana river, Eng- 

 land's sphere of influence extends, in accordance 

 with an agreement between the two powers. 

 Zanzibar's sovereign rights were limited to the 

 coast between Kipini on the Ozi river and 

 Cape Delgado, and to the garrisoned stations 

 of Lamoo, Kismayu, Brava, Merka, Mukdusha, 

 and Warsheikh. The population of the island 

 of Zanzibar is about 200,000, half of whom live 

 in the city of Zanzibar. The rulers are Arabs, 

 and the subject population mostly negroes. 

 The entire Arab population on the eastern 

 coast of Africa and in the island of Zanzibar 

 does not exceed 2,500 ; yet they own all the 

 valuable soil, hold the bulk of the population 

 in slavery, and monopolize the slave-trade. 

 There are about 6,000 Indian traders and slave- 

 owners in Zanzibar and on the coast, and 150 

 Europeans who reside in the towns. 



War against Europeans. The Arabs of Zanzi- 

 bar and the interior of Africa, who, in spite of 

 the convention made in 1873 between the Sul- 

 tan of Zanzibar and the English Government, 

 continue to supply Asia with negro slaves, or- 

 ganized an attack on the European settlements 

 in the autumn of 1888, with the object of driv- 

 ing away the Germans, in order to keep open 

 the caravan routes to the sea and avert the 

 suppression of the slave - traffic. The Arab 

 slave-traders in the vicinity of Lake Nyassa 

 beleaguered the British missionary stations, 

 which were on ground claimed by Portugal. 



Soon afterward the Yaos, the northernmost 

 branch of the Kaffirs, began to pour into the 

 German settlements. On September 20, thou- 

 sands of armed men from the south bank of 

 the Rovuma appeared before Mikandini. At 

 some of the harbors the natives refused to 

 receive the German officials. The inhabitants 

 finally took up arms and drove the Germans 

 from all their establishments on the coast. 

 When Ernst Vohsen, the chief director of the 

 German East African Company, attempted to 

 land at Pangani on September 5, a line of 

 Arabs along the shore fired at the Germans, 

 declaring that they were banded together to 

 make a stand against the oppression and in- 

 sults of the company's officials. Herr Michahel- 

 les, the German consul-general, and Herr Voh- 

 sen, in an interview with the Sultan, contra- 

 dicted the stories of German violence and 

 tyranny. They admitted that they could not 

 return to Pangani and Tanga for some time, 

 and accepted the arrangement proposed by 

 Seyyid Khalifa, to the effect that the Sultan 

 was to appoint his own governors and garri- 

 sons, and administer justice ; and that the Ger- 

 mans were to nominate natives to superintend 

 customs, and not to attempt to land at the 

 ports until the population was willing to re- 

 ceive them. The German flag was not to be 

 re-hoisted. The coast population would not 

 accept an arrangement that contemplated the 

 reinstatement of the Germans. Gen. Matthews, 

 commanding the troops of the Sultan, who was 

 sent to reassert the Sultan's authority in Pan- 

 gani, was defeated and driven away by the 

 rebels. The German gun - boats thereupon 

 shelled Pangani and other places. 



Blockade of the Coast. The English colonial 

 project, which had been begun in order to pre- 

 vent the Germans from acquiring dominion 

 over all the lake-region and the trade-routes, 

 suffered likewise. The Sultan had lost all au- 

 thority on the mainland. More than 1,000 



