40 OUTLINES OF III I I > < . KOLOGY 



elves with canoes, attendant Indi.r 

 and hunting-gear, and push up unexplored nding 



through the dense forests of the provim lored, 



mapped, geologised, and hunted, laying down lines of 

 traverse which served as the base for future more di 

 topography, and did vast service in opening up the 

 country. Still more elaborately topographical were Un- 

 remarkable surveys and reconn;; 1>\ I >r. F. V. 

 Hayden, Geologist in charge of the Geological and 

 Geographical Survey of the Western Territories of the 

 United States. Year by year valuable reports, drawings, 

 and photographs by that able observer and his associates 

 made known the geography, geology, natural hi 

 botany, meteorology, ethnology, and antiquities of thou- 

 sands of square miles of previously unexplored or but 

 partially explored land. 



Having obtained or made as good a topographical 

 map as may be attainable for his purpose, the observer 

 is furnished with the first great requisite for geological 

 surveying, and one of the most useful parts of the equip- 

 ment of a field-geologist, whether he attempts any actual 

 surveying or not. 



Next to accuracy, judgment, and patience, neatness of 

 hand is desirable in the geologist who would work out 

 the structure of a district and express that structure on 

 a map. Even the largest scale map does not admit of 

 very voluminous notes upon its area, and where the scale 

 is small there may be no room for notes of any kind. 

 Under these circumstances the observer will do well to 

 practise with the finest point to his pencil, making the 

 neatest and most legible writing. After a brief experi- 



