JOINTS AND CONNECTIONS 195 



and have the time to investigate, the conditions of a particular 

 case. Much poor designing and unsafe designing can be traced 

 to blind observance of rules with apparent disregard of 

 reasoning. 



Standards 



Fabrication standards are fixed by the types and capacities of 

 the tools and machines with which a fabricating shop is equipped. 

 A designer should know the standards of the shop in which his 

 steel work will be fabricated and endeavor to arrange his detail- 

 ing accordingly. This will insure the lowest possible cost for his 

 client. 



Standards for rivet spacing will be found on pages 212, 213, 

 and 214, Carnegie, 1913 ed. : 328, 329 and 330, Cambria, 1914 ed.; 

 246 to 259 incl., Jones & Laughlin, 1916 ed.; 336, 337 and 338, 

 Lackawanna, 1915 ed. The student is advised to study carefully 

 a number of other pages in these books, dealing with the subject 

 of rivets. Tables for the pitch (the distance between rivets) of 

 rivets in angles are based on the angle developed. That is, the 

 angle bent flat as if it were a narrow plate. This is an important 

 thing to remember in detailing. 



All manufacturers have standard beam connections based on 

 developing the full strength of the beam on the shortest span on 

 which it will carry the maximum load without failure by crip- 

 pling or shear. When loading conditions are not severe some 

 expense can be saved by designing Connections to fit the case. 

 When no details are shown for beam connections the standard 

 connections are understood. It is well, however, to make a note 

 to this effect on the drawings and avoid controversy. Refer also 

 to the particular standards wanted. Standard beam connec- 

 tions are given on page 207, Carnegie, 1913 ed. ; 42 to 50 incl., 

 Cambria, 1914 ed. ; 88, 89, Bethlehem, 1911 ed.; 323 to 331 

 inch, Lackawanna, 1915 ed. ; 126 to 129 incl., Jones & Laughlin, 

 1916 ed. 



It is time now for the student to procure sets of specifications 

 for detailing structural steel. Some of the handbooks contain 

 such specifications and all contain valuable data for specifications. 

 The following specifications are recommended for purchase and 

 study: 



Standard Specifications for Structural Steel, Timber, Concrete 



