84 BOOKBINDING, SPECIAL AMERICAN. 



capabilities either in the matter of binding or in 

 illuminating, in which it has followed classic 

 imuleN without having reached the transcendency 

 of the originals. -Mrs. F. W. Goothold, of New 

 York, and -Messrs. Gilbo & Co., of Brooklyn, have 

 obtained charming results in illuminations. 



Certain of the pyrographic work done upon his 

 bookl.indings by F. J. Pfister is quite unique. An 

 example shown at the Bona venture exhibition in 

 I'.ioo attracted much attention, as was also the 

 case with one of his pyrographic bindings in the 

 Scribner exhibition of 11)01. Many of his bindings 

 in the more generally practised style also are 

 beautifully finished. 



One of the most promising bookbinders who 

 have recently appeared is Mr. Ralph Randolph 

 Adams, of the New York firm of Schleuning & 

 Adams, whose attention was some time since 

 drawn to the bindings executed in Vienna 

 hundreds of years ago, the production of which 

 was abandoned because the binders of the day 

 were unable to overcome certain difficulties. In 

 this work the early binders actually inlaid 

 leathers of different colors into the ground color 

 of the bound book. They were, however, unable 

 to prevent the leather from parting and showing 

 a crack where it had dried out and shrunk, which 

 was the cause of their giving up the method. It 

 has l>een commonly supposed that this parting 

 arose during the lapse of centuries, but this is 

 tnie only in a very small measure, for it is now 

 known that the parting took place as soon as the 

 moistening caused by the paste had dried out, 

 and this being observed by the binders them- 

 selves, occasioned the giving up of the work. 

 For more than six years Mr. Adams has studied 

 the Viennese bindings and has experimented 

 with persistence, looking toward their produc- 

 tion until he has at last overcome the difficulties 

 that were insurmountable to the old binders of 

 Vienna. 



During the past twelve* months he has been 

 doing a kind of mosaic inlaying that has not pre- 

 viously been done to any extent in this country. 

 In place of beating or paring down the leathers 

 used so that they shall have only a half thick- 

 ness, and then pasting on the inlay (or rather 

 overlay), Mr. Adams cuts the morocco ground 

 entirely away, exposing the boards, and then in- 

 serts the carefully fitted inlay. By this method 



BRAZIL. 



Modern American bindings, as well as those exe- 

 cuted abroad, differ essentially from those of an- 

 tiquity. The finished tooling that has grown by 

 adding tool-mark to tool-mark has attained 

 among modern binders a far greater perfection 

 than was the case even when such masters as 

 Roger Payne, Padeloup, Derome, and Le Gascon 



BY TOOK A CO., DESIGNED BY OTTO ZAHN. 

 lcv.nl : li.Ui.i rnthu leaven ; brown, French gray, and 

 white moMlcti. Valued at $300. 



he preserves the beauty of the grain of the leather, 

 which is taken out by the other method, and se- 

 cures a satisfactory result. His bindings are among 

 the most hopeful of any that have come into 

 notice during the past year. Some new methods 

 in finishing produce gold effects, by a process 

 newly discovered by Mr. Adams, that exceed even 

 the brilliancy of the French finishing, which has 

 hitherto been the distinguishing feature of French 

 binding. 



PYROGBAPHIO BINDING BY F. J. PFISTER. 



The flying bird Is inlaid In blue morocco, with burnt outlines, feet, etc. 

 The dragon-fly is also in natural colors by means of mosaic work in 

 combination with poker work. 



are considered. Our best modern bindings, com- 

 pared with those of the old masters, clearly show 

 wherein our foremost binders are superior in detail 

 to their ancient brother craftsmen, so that if we 

 have lost somewhat in the matter of boldness we 

 have gained infinitely in delicacy of touch and per- 

 fection of finish. The school of American book- 

 binding is no longer elementary, nor is it needful 

 now for American book-owners to send their vol- 

 umes to Europe for fine binding. We already have 

 several pupils of Cobden-Sanderson, the famous 

 English bookbinder, in the United States, and the 

 work done by those who owe their skill to other 

 masters is daily growing greater. 



BRAZIL, a federal republic in South America. 

 The National Congress consists of a Senate of 

 63 members, 3 from each state and the federal dis- 

 trict, elected for nine years by direct suffrage, one- 

 third retiring every three years, and a House of 

 Deputies, containing 212 members, 1 to 70,000 of 

 population, elected for three years by adult male 

 Brazilians; soldiers in active service, members of 

 monastic orders, paupers, and persons convicted 

 of crime being excluded. The President of the 

 republic is elected by direct suffrage for four 

 years. Dr. Manoel Ferraz de Campos Salles was 

 elected President for the term beginning Nov. 15, 

 1898, and Dr. Francisco Rosa e Silva was elected 

 Vice-President. The ministers of state appointed 

 by President de Campos Salles are as follow: 

 Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dr. Olyntho de Ma- 

 galhaes ; Minister of Finance, Dr. Joaquin Martin- 

 ho ; Minister of War, Marshal Joao N. de Medeiros 

 Mallet; Minister of Industry, Alfredo Maia; Min- 

 ister of the Interior and Justice, Epitacio Pessoa; 

 Minister of Marine, Rear- Admiral J. Pinto do Luz. 



Area and Population. The area of Brazil 

 according to recent calculations is 3,218,130 square 

 miles. The population in 1890 was 14,333,915, not 

 including about 600,000 uncivilized Indians. The 

 number of immigrants in 1898 was 53,822 through 

 Rio, Santos, and Victoria. The decision by the 

 Swiss arbitrators of the boundary question be- 

 tween Brazil and France, announced on Dec. 1, 

 1900, sustained the contention of Brazil as to the 

 river named in the treaty of Utrecht, and proved 

 that France in 1713 voluntarily conceded to Por- 

 tugal the territory in dispute. The Oyapuk river 

 is the boundary of French Guiana and Brazil. 



